Hello everyone. Welcome to Big Data and Language. With the previous lecture, today I want to introduce another register. So are you ready? Let's get started. So the second register that I want to introduce to you is formal register. This style is impersonal and often follows the prescriptive format. The speaker uses complete sentences, avoid slangs, and may use technical and academic vocabulary. It is likely that the speaker will use fewer contractions, but opt instead for completes words. So for example, we use have not informal register instead of haven't. The shorter version we call contractions, such as I do not instead of I don't. So in the formal register, we use the complete sentences without any contractions, and also we do not use any slangs. Instead of the casual word, we use the formal and academic vocabulary. So let's look at more. According to Rita Mae Brown, Rita Mae Brown argued that the writer or speaker is more likely to use vocabulary with Latin or Greek roots in this formal register. So for example, the writer of the scientific article may be more likely to use the word female, which is the Latin root, than women, Anglo-Saxon root. So think about any previous research articles that you read before, if they have the word female, then rarely you found that word woman. This is the register used for the most academic and scientific publishing. So when you write your research paper later in this course as your final project, you may want to follow this register, formal register. If you want, I will give you more guidelines how you can use formal register. So let me give you an example. This one is the announcement about the campus tuberculosis announcement. So let me read this example. We have been notified by the KAIST Clinic, KAIST has recently been diagnosed with active TB. The patient has been treated immediately and will be observed for two weeks. Although the risk for transmission in a school setting is extremely low, as a precaution, the KAIST Clinic is conducting a routine contact investigations. Students and school personnel who are found to have close contact with the individual with active TB may be advised to be screened for possible TB exposure. If the KAIST Clinic determines that these individuals need to be screened for TB, a separate notification letter will be sent to them. Otherwise, all other students and school personnel who were not exposed to the active case are not at increased risk for TB. Therefore, screening for TB is not necessary and not recommended. If you have any questions, please call the KAIST Clinic at 042- 350- 9549. So in this announcement, you can find many different formal writing rules such as, look at the vocabulary first. A lot of terminology, technical rules such as TB, and also the formal vocabulary such as notify, and diagnose, transmission, precaution, observed, advised, screened, and notification. Also the other function is the punctuation. We have a very accurate punctuations here. For example, look at the sixth sentence, then otherwise, comma. We used the transition word, so connected the sentences together with the certain or appropriate transition word. So otherwise comma, after the transition word, they put the comma, and also TB semicolon, therefore comma. So that one how we can use the appropriate punctuations in formal register. So let me give you another example in the spoken data. So this one is an interview study, and interviewer first saying that, "First of all, let me introduce myself. I am the manager of our engineering department here and we have an open position, so we have been interviewing applicants to fill the position as quickly as possible." Interviewee said, "Yes, sir. I read about the position on your website. I think I am a good fit." Interviewer said, "We currently have several ongoing projects and the team is working hard. We are hoping to keep busy for a long time." Interviewee said that, "What are the essential qualifications required for the position?" Interviewer said, "This is an entry-level engineering petition, we do provide a lot of training here. But we do require that we have at least bachelors degree in computer engineering. Previous experience in this field is a plus." So when you look at this dialogue, then you will see that the first of all, let me introduce myself. Then any kind of interview, you'll probably mention this phrase expression a lot. So this one is not really a frozen register, but in the formal register, again, the similar or the identical expressions are used a lot or often in the certain situations, such as interview, you might say that, "Let me introduce myself." Also, "Yes, sir." So that one is very polite reaction. Also, the technical terminology as well, such as the ongoing project, essential qualifications, this one is higher level vocabulary than the daily basic conversation. Instead of the beginning level, like entry-level, and also it shows that another requirements such as bachelor degree and previous experience. So all of the content or the certain vocabulary often used in this certain formal register. So far we've looked at the example of the formal registers. So now let me give you more tips for our formal register. Because since you are taking this Coursera course, my assumption is that you might be exposed to many formal register situations. So for example, you may need to write out for academic paper, or you may need to give a presentation. While you are giving a presentation, before your presentation, you may need to make your PowerPoint slides as well. So many different kinds of formal registers. Then there is the tips that you can use. So here are all of the tips. The first one is in the formal register, we rarely use abbreviations. Abbreviations means the acronym. So for example, KAIST. KAIST stands for Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology. So before you use the word KAIST, you need to explain the full name first. So in your writing, you might want to say Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), and then you use the KAIST for the rest of your paper. Another acronym could be USA or UN. So you might want to make the full name first and then using the abbreviations later. The second tip is that you do not use slang such as cool, really, awesome, you know, like. So these are rarely used in the formal register. So if you have these expressions in your academic paper, then that's very unnatural. So you might need to use other expressions instead of using cool. Instead of really, you might want to use quiet, highly, extremely, something like that, if you want to emphasize some adjectives. So I will give you the task later so you can find what will be the other option that we can use instead of really in our formal writing. So let's take a look more in the future lectures and let's move on. So the other one is contractions. We rarely used contraction in our academic writing. Contraction means the shorter form. So I don't, don't is the contraction. So instead of I don't, you might want to say I do not, or instead of it's, you need to say it is, and instead of he can't, he cannot. So using the full, no contractions. Also the swear words. I will not say something here, but the f word, those kind of swear word is not appropriate in formal register. The next tip is that vague word. This one I commonly find in my students' writing. Some students use things or stuff in their writing, but things, stuffs, they are very vague. So this [inaudible] stuff and also computer could be stuff. Pen could be stuff or the cloths could be stuff. So stuff it means so vague and things as well. So camera could be a thing and television could be a thing or a book could be a thing. So instead of using that vague word, you need to say the exact noun. Such as like this book, not things or apples or books, cameras, TVs. You need to mention the exact noun instead of the vague word. Also not only nouns, but also adjectives. Some adjectives are neutral. So for example, interesting. Oh, it is interesting. So that could be in a negative way or the positive way. So in the formal register, you might want to say clear. So the result is positive or the result is negative. So instead of those kind of vague words, you might want to use much more specific and clear word, so your readers or your listeners understand what you want to say clearly. Let me give you more tips. So please do not use etc or and so on or ellipsis at the end of your sentence. So what that mean is that if you say in your academic paper this research will be meaningful to different areas such as computer science, biology, and chemistry, and so on, or etc. So if you use etc., and so on, then you just opened another range. So it could be over-generalize. So in the academic paper and the formal register, it's better not to use those kind of, and so on, etc., or ellipses. If you use a lot of exclamation and a question mark, then that is not appropriate in formal writing. So you might want to use the period or if you really want to emphasize something, then maybe the question mark would be allowed it, however, in the academic paper, rarely we see the exclamation. Also not only like both spoken and the written texts to the formal register, please do not use text message grammar. For example, are you ready. So if you say, "R U," like spelling R and spelling U, "ready," then this one is very text based message grammar. So please do not use that one and also if you say 'cause I like it in your formal register, this one is dependent clause and also 'cause', this one is not appropriate word because is accurate word. So using the accurate word, "because I like it." "I want to eat noodles because I like it," instead of, "'cause I like it." The next one is in a special this case is a bar for writing. So in the academic writing and formal writing, we rarely start our sentences with 'and, but, so'. So please do not use 'and, but, so'. Instead, we can use other synonyms such as instead of 'and', we can use 'in addition', 'furthermore', 'moreover', or 'instead of', but we can use however, on the other hand, right? So there is some synonyms that you can use for your formal register, especially the written text. The final tip is that do not write the small number, small numerals, for example, if you say, "I have five books." So that five is one digit. So one through nine. It might be better to spell out. So I have five, F-I-V-E books, instead of just number five. So these are some rules for the formal register, sometimes some rules, some tips are actually about the written text use more than the speaking situation. For example, using contractions because in the speaking situations, it might be hard to tell whether that one is contractions or not. So for your formal writing, do not use the contractions and also don't start with the 'and, but, so', and or but, or also do not use the text message grammar and don't write the small numerals. However, not only the written or writing situation, speaking both, speaking situation as well, you do not use slangs or swear words, vague words in formal register. So I hope these tips are useful for you to be and using the good language features in formal register in the future. So today we've talked about the formal register and next time I will introduce another register. Thank you for your attention.
