[MUSIC] It is usual to consider that this intuitive think between childhood and permeability has only reason been established in our modern society. Yet historians, who have studied the long-term evolution of social policies, have shown that ancient societies had already been pointed this specificity of childhood and developed strategies to deal with it. In Ancien Regime societies, families were faced with health risks such as childhood diseases. Resulted to their own resources to keep their child safe. But in pre-industrial context, children were exposed to many of the risks, becoming an orphan were the most frequent, as well as being abandoned by parents, too poor, or too desperate to raise him. Confronted to this specific vulnerability, late medieval societies invented special institutions. Orphanages, which were thus founded in order to care for orphans and isolated children and provide them with food, shelter, and later on, vocational training. Yet, these institutions mostly concerned urban contexts, and only a small proportion of children without families could benefit from their assistance. For the vast majority of orphans and destitute children only the larger family or local solidarity were able to help them to cope. And for many of these isolated youths, social vulnerability, this came to rhyme with poverty, vagrancy and begging. This configuration remained quite unchanged until the industrial revolution. What changed dramatically with the enlightenment was the place of childhood in the society, with a new and faces on it's law regarding the nations feature. Indeed, modern western states needed a large and a healthy human resources, in order to ensure the primininance in the concept of nations. This 18th Century state concern for the quantity and quality of the respective population fed a new determination not to let the children's life go to waste anymore. This counsel was first endorsed by philanthropists, members of the scientific, social and political elites would then multiply charitable experiences centered on child protection. Variety of institution's of care, education an assistant where those founded catering to the needs of different categories of vulnerable children. The handicap, the seek children, the abandoned children, vigilance children, destitute children. This philanthropic institution were intended not only to act against various risks to children health and safety. But there were many crafted to prevent these risks by acting as early as possible to remove children from dangerous or insecure environments. These institutions would then keep vulnerable children off the streets, confining them in secluded environments which would ensure both protection and education for long time periods. Thus it is the extension of private initiative that helped build the first child protection movement all over western societies. Yet, with a barrel extension of capitalism and parallelism during the 19th Century, this philanthropic networks of institution proved to be unable to redo significantly social risks for working class children. During the second half of the 20th Century, the central state will then step in and assert the necessity to intervene in order to establish a regulatory framework in this arena. A variety of laws were then passed in the various national context such as laws making education compulsary, laws prohibiting child labor, laws ensuring the protection of the child, even within the family. Laws on the relocation of the delinquent child, and also, various else monitoring systems for infants, toddlers, or, even school children. Finally, during the 20th Century, a gradual revolution in the management of situation of vulnerability was induced by the emergence of the wealth states. The affirmation of social rights favouring influence systems over private assistant did reduce the scope of the charities. Rather than placing the vulnerable child in the arbitrary supervision of charities at the expense of parental authority. The welfare state system helped families to rely on social services to reduce the most terrible risks they had to face, either social or sanitary. So, after several centuries, it seem that post-war within states we're able to fight effectively against the most extreme forms of social and health vulnerability affecting children. Yet, with the recurrence of economic crisis since the 1970s, the optimism of the post-war boom has being deeply shaken. All over the world, from south to north the vulnerability of the children seems now to take a renewed intensity. Children deprived of their rights to education, or children soldiers or children migrants. But also extremely harmful forms of child labor. All these situations prove that our modern society really needs to reinvent a more global and more effective system to deal with childhood disability. So that's the 21st Century, we'll not remain in history at the worst possible period in the long term evolution of child welfare policies. [MUSIC]