[MUSIC] What is a traditional harmful practice? A traditional harmful practice if a fact to follow an action rule on a moral or social level. It is traditional because it is deeply rooted in the past, actually, it's an inheritance of the past. And of course it's harmful because it's damage, sometime seriously the well being, the health, and the development of children. These traditions include values, traditions, beliefs which are specific to a community. But what is important to remember is that they are traditional because of the past and this is why people think they are compulsory. Because due to the past, due to the long time that these customs are in practice, people think they must obey and for many different reasons like social integration. Millions of children are concerned all around the world, mostly girls, but not only. Boys also are concerned, for example, with scarification. What kind of practices do we have? The most well-known, unfortunately, is female genital cutting, female genital mutilation, sexual mutilations. You have forced marriage, child marriage. You have honor crime. You have breast ironing, lips placed, witchcraft, ritual child murder, giraffe woman, dowry, virginity testing, ritual and so on scarification. Also food taboo, and so on. There is no justification for these practices. It's not a cultural practice. So a question is why do these people perform these practices. Well you have many different reasons. Generally we can say that when girls are concerned it's the way for man to control women in their sexuality. For example, it's the case with female genital cuttings. But it can be also the systematic son preference for example with girls infanticide, food taboos, superstition think in term of witchcraft, accusation of witchcraft. Or sometimes, it's also an agreement between families. Forced marriage, child marriage, for example. Because these practices are harmful, they are prohibited. At the international level by the Convention on the Rights of the Child, Article 24, paragraph 3. By the CEDAW the 1971 Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women Article 5 and especially Article 16 which targets forced marriage. At the regional level you have different documents which prohibit these practices. Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 21 Of African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. The African Charter on Human and People's Rights, the famous Maputo Protocol which is a protocol to the African Charter on Human Rights and People's Rights and on the rights of women in Africa Article 5 and 6. And the Inter-American Convention for Prevention, Sanction, and Elimination of Violence Against Women. Besides international and regional law, we have also national law,which can prohibit these harmful practices, especially the practices concerning FGM, and first marriage. Important to say also but we have the soft glow. The soft law groups are the recommendation of a different UN body which are concerned by this issue. That is to say, the UN body on the Committees of a Right of a Child and the CEDAW Committee for the Discrimination Against Women. They're also concerned by these topics. They give advice about or to fight against them also. So the question is how can we fight against that? It's important first of all to know why they exist everywhere. Even in sometimes certain region or states are concern, due to migration everybody each state is concerned. Of course communities, certain communities, must be target by sensibilization and raising awareness. To know the different communities which do practice what kind of harmful traditional practices it's very important. Afterwards we have to educate people who are in charge of the children who may be affected by these practices. School teacher, pediatricians, and so on. The difficulty is to work all together. Especially, in hosting countries, we, well, we don't know these kind of harmful traditions, practices. Why it is so important, because these issues are entirely. Let's think about all the different issues which are concerned by this topic. You have the anthropological field, sociology, politics, history, religion, ethnology, of course, law, medicine, psychology, psychiatry, migration, of course, is concerned, and mass media, communication, How do you communicate without any discrimination? [MUSIC]