[MUSIC] The last topic, or the last aspect that I want to raise about Chinese political elites, is really about their international experience. One of the things that we find overall among Chinese leaders is a drop in the percentage of leaders who had studied abroad. And we find this drop actually going back to 1927 with The Nationalist Party who ruled China from 1927 to 1949. And with the Communists, when you look at their period of rule, from 1956 really through 2007. Now, one of the amazing things is if you look here, at the percentage, so this is the percentage of leaders. The percentage in the CEC, is The Central Executive Committee of The Nationalist Party. So if we look at 1926 here, we can see that 68% or 67% of the members of the Central Executive Committee, the sort of Parliament of The Nationalist Party, had studied overseas. Many of them, in fact, have studied in Japan. Now, the numbers stay up, around over 70% through 1931. And then, they start to decline here through 1945. So this is for The Nationalist Party. Now, if we look at The Communist Party, we can see that here 1956, we're talking about The Eighth Party Congress. So we're taking the membership of The Eighth Party Congress, and we're looking at where those people were trained, where they were educated. And this is surprising, I think very surprising and most of you should be surprised. In 1956, 7 years after the communist come to power, over 40, close to 50% of the leaders in the Central Committee of Communist Party had been trained overseas, most of them in Europe. Not in the Soviet Union because this is still too early for these people to have made it into the Central Committee. These people are trained in Europe, such as Deng Xiaoping, went to France, other people went to Germany. So this is an important group and the important fact here that there was so many people trained overseas in 1956, so they should have been a pretty open group, but in fact these are the years when they're isolated from the world. The United States closes them off and they have a relationship only with the Soviet Union. Then, you see this huge drop. Culture evolution comes along, a lot of people get purged, and the people who do move in to the top leadership are a new generation of leaders, and they have very little international experience. And it stays that way through the culture evolution until we get to 1987. And here's where the Soviet-trained leadership group comes to power. So the numbers start to get up close to 20% of the members of the Central Committee had studied overseas, and all of them, all of this group had studied in the Soviet Union. And so, you can see here that if you look at the members of the Politburo in 1982, 25 members of the Politburo only 1 had studied overseas. Only 2, 12%, 2 of 17 in 1987. But if you look at the Politburo Standing Committee, here already we've got Jung So Min in this group and probably Li Peng in this group have already studied overseas, had studied overseas. And by the 14th Party Committee, the Politburo, 30% of the members of the Politburo were Soviet-trained leaders, and 43% of the members of the Politburo Standing Committee were overseas trained. And these were, again, Soviet trained. But the numbers drop off dramatically. So here, we see again, if we go back here to this table, this figure, we can see 87 we're up at 20% and then again, the percentage starts to drop. So by 2002, we're down to 1 out of 24 and none of the members of the Standing Committee of the Politburo had actually studied overseas. Now, the new group in 2002 to 2012, the leadership that ruled China, or sort of ran China in that period, had the least foreign educational experience of any group since 1927. Numbers have improved a little bit today, because among the new leadership group, this is the leadership that took over in 2012, among this leadership group, Zhang Dejiang, the number 3 Person in the Politburo Standing Committee, he has studied overseas, but the 1 problem is that he studied at Kim Il-sung University in North Korea. He studied economics there. I'm not sure how useful [LAUGH] that economic program will be, but we can still say that the current leadership group has people who have important, international experience. So for example Wong Chichon has had very close ties to Pete Peterson who was the Secretary of the Treasury in the United States Government. They spent a lot of time talking and sharing ideas. Among the Politburo though. The only two members of the Politburo who have some serious overseas experience. One is Wang Huning who has a year, I think, or maybe two years, as visiting scholar overseas in the United States. And Li Yuanchao who spent three months at the Kennedy School studying decision-making and who always talked about how important it was for him to in terms of handling a crisis that he learned crisis management while studying at Harvard. [BLANK AUDIO]
