[MUSIC] In the previous lesson, we have seen that Proto-Indo-European had an opposition
between palatovelars and labiovelars. We've also seen that the satəm and centum languages dealt with the palatovelars in different ways. In this video we'll learn more about the treatment of the labiovelars in the daughter languages. It was briefly mentioned already, that in the satəm languages, the labiovelars lost their labial quality. Like in this example, here the initial *gw of the Proto-Indo-European word for 'cow' lost its labialization and became *g, in Sanskrit gáus, Latvian gùovs and Russian govjádina. Unlike the satəm languages, the centum languages usually preserved the palatovelars as regular velar stops. In other words, the palatal element was lost. On the other hand, the labiavelars are sometimes preserved, as labiovelars. This was still the case in Proto-Italic and in Proto-Celtic. But depending on the language family, they can also appear as a labio stop, a velar stop, a dental stop, a labial fricative or an approximate. In this video, we'll take a closer look at the development of the labiovelars. First, let's take a look at the Indo-European word for 'five'. Here, we clearly see, that an original labiovelar yields different outcomes in the individual centum languages namely Latin qu, Oscan p, Old Irish k, and Welsh p. These all go back to a Proto-Italo-Celtic labiovelar *kw. In the Indo-European world for 'living', we see that the Latin v, Oscan b, Old Irish b and Welsh b, all reflects Proto-Indo-European *gw. And in the last example, which is the Proto-Indo-European word for 'heat'. Latin f corresponds to Old Irish g, which means that they go back to Proto-Indo-European *gwh. Note how this also corresponds to the delabialized velars gh and g in the satem languages Sanskrit and Russian. The outcome of the labiovelars in Italo-Celtic languages are summarized in this table. In the ogham alphabet Old irish still had letters for kw and gw. For example, the word for 'son' is still spelled maqi [makwi] as in this inscription. In later Old Irish, the labialization of the velar is regularly lost and the word for 'son' became mac, as in all those Irish and Scottish surnames starting with M(a)c-. The development of the labiovelars in Latin are subject to very specific rules where the outcome of the labiovelars depends on their environment. The default development, is that Proto-Indo-European *kw remained qu and Proto-Indo-European *gw and *gwh became v. However, there are important exceptions to this. Firstly, Proto-Indo-European *kw instead became c and *gw and *gwh became g, before an original *u, *o or a consonant. In other words, labialization was lost in these environments. This happened for example, in the word for 'when'. Secondly, Proto-Indo-European *gw and *gwh developed into >gu after an *n. This happened in for example, the word for 'fat', which is unguen. And thirdly, Proto-Indo-European *gwh became latin >f- at the beginning of a word. This development can be seen in the verb 'to defend'. An example that nicely illustrates the importance of Italo-Celtic is the European word for 'four', which is quattuor in Latin, pettiur in Oscan, pedwar in Welsh, And the satem languages have catvā́ras in Sanskrit, caϑβārō in Avestan and keturì in Lithuanian. In Indo-Iranian, the initial labiovelar lost its labialization and was subsequently palatalized before the front vowel *e. This development was discussed in the lesson on Indo-Iranian and the Indo-European vowels. The Italic and Celtic reflexes clearly point to a labiovelar consonant in Proto- Indo-European. To summarize this video, we've seen that whereas the original labiovelars developed into regular velars in the satem-languages, they were sometimes reserved as labiovelars or as labial stops in centum-languages. In the table below this video, the Italo-Celtic developments of the Proto- Indo-European labiovelars are summarized.
