[MUSIC] Today we speak about global energy consumption. How it has increased over time and what primary energy sources have been utilized to satisfy this growing global energy demand. In the first slide that I'm presenting to you, you can see that over the past 50 years, global energy consumption has increased monotonously. Year after year, there has always been an increase with very few exceptions. Notably in 2009 when there was a crisis, an economic crisis globally, and the consumption declines somewhat, but it immediately recovered following year. So, we can see that there is a very clear ascending trend, upward trend, and this trend is going to continue. How is this satisfied? How is this demand satisfied? It is satisfied primarily with crude oil. Crude oil is the green section at the bottom of the graph. And, as you can see, it's the largest component. It has been the largest component since 1960. It has grown very rapidly until the 1970. And ever since it has grown less rapidly than total energy consumption, so oil has been losing ground. But nevertheless, it remains the most important source of energy. Second comes coal. Coal used to be the most important source of energy, but has lost ground and has been substituted for by oil. Nevertheless, over the past few years, we see a definite acceleration in the consumption of coal. There is a pick up the consumption of coal, largely related to the emergence of the economies of India and China that are still highly dependent on coal as a primary energy source. Next comes natural gas. Natural gas is less important than either coal or oil, but is growing rapidly. Indeed, for the future, one of the main question marks that we have about the possible evolution of our energy system is whether natural gas will continue to grow more rapidly than other energy sources and take over the second place in substituting for coal. Or maybe even become the most important source of energy replacing to some extent coal and oil. Next, we have sources that are non-fossil, nuclear, hydro. And, finally, there is a tiny little component of so-called new renewables, which are solar and wind energy. These are growing very rapidly, but they start from such a low base, that before they can challenge the predominance of fossil fuels, many decades will have to pass. So, today we are about at 80, 85% dependent on fossil fuels for our energy supply. And, of course, this is a challenge because fossil fuels, when they are burned, emit CO2 in the atmosphere. And CO2 is a greenhouse gas, and so it contributes to global warming. Next, we can see how energy supply is differentiated according to different regions. In different parts of the world, we use different kinds of energy. We go from one extreme, which is Asia Pacific, where coal remains, by far, the most important energy source. More than 50% of energy In Asia Pacific is delivered by burning coal. So, they have not passed the coal age at all. They're still very much in the coal age. If we go to the Middle East, you will see that there is no coal at all almost. It's entirely dependent on oil and gas. So, a completely different energy model. There are certain regions of the world where hydro predominates or at least is very important. This is the case for South and Central America, where, because of the Andes, the mountains, and the long rivers that are available there, a lot of electricity is generated thanks to hydro installations. And then there is the situation of Europe, where, as you can see, we rely on a fairly balanced meeks of energy sources. If anything distinguishes Europe, it is the importance of nuclear energy. There are many countries in Europe that have a very significant component of nuclear energy. This is notably the case for France. But it is not only France, it is the Czech Republic, it's Belgium, it's Switzerland, it is Sweden. All of these countries have a very signficant component of nuclear energy. Some of them are officially pledging to abandon it. But for the time being, this is a very important component. Next, we have to look at the impact of energy consumption on the environment, on greenhouse gas emissions. Now, we can see that energy is by far the most important source of greenhouse gas emissions. It is not the only one. We also have significant greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture, but energy production is by far the most important source. So, we face a dilemma, we face a dilemma because our consumption of energy is constantly growing. Demand for energy is constantly growing in Europe as well as in the rest of the world, primarily in the rest of the world in fact. And, at the same time, our main sources of energy are fossil fuels. Fossil fuels which when they are burned, generate CO2 and therefore, greenhouse gas emissions. So, we have to find the balancing act between our thirst for energy in the need to avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions which would lead to global warming with catastrophic consequences on other areas. [MUSIC]