今天讲第九讲，特殊句子 一、 把字句。 Today, the ninth lecture, special sentences, I. Sentence Pattern of “Ba”. "主语 + 把 + 宾语 + 动词 + The sentence of “Subject + Ba + Object + Verb + 其他成分" ，这样的句子叫做"把"字句 Other parts” is called sentence pattern of "Ba" 例如，他们把苹果都吃了 这是第一例。 For example, “ta men ba ping guo chi le” (they ate apples). This is the first example. 第二例，把头抬起来！ 第三例，把门关上！这三个句子里面呢都有"把" Example two, “ba tou tai qi lai”(lift your head!) Example three, “ba men guan shang” (close the door!) There are "ba" in these three sentences. 所以呢，我们称作是"把"字句。 Therefore, we call these sentences as sentence pattern of "Ba". 一 "把"字句的构成成分。 I. The composition of sentence pattern of "Ba" 1. 1. "把"的宾语 "把"的宾语一般是名词或者短语，而且所指事物 The object of “ba”, the object of "ba" is generally a noun or a phrase, and the things referred to 常常是已知的，这个条件要特别地注意 也就是外国学生容易错的，也就是说说话人和听话人 are often known. Pay attention to it, which is easily made mistakes for beginners of Chinese learners. The so-called “known” means that both the speaker and listeners 都知道或者是都了解的，这个就是所谓的已知 know this things mentioned here. 例如，我们看一下例子就比较清楚，例一，大家把书收起来 Some examples make you clear. Example one, “da jia ba shu shou qi lai” （Everyone put the book away) 这个"书"是什么意思呢？就是说话人和听话人都 知道这个书是什么书，所以呢我们叫已知 What does the “shu” refer to here? it refers that both the speaker and listeners know what the “shu” is. 第二例，你把钱还给我！这个"钱" 是一个"把"的宾语，那么它表示的这个东西啊，这个"钱"呢 Example two, “ni ba qian huan gei wo!” (Give back the money to me.) The “qian” here is
the object of “ba”. It means that 是说话人和听话人都知道这个钱是什么钱 是多少钱，所以呢也是已知的 2. both the speaker and listeners know what the “qian”is. 2. "把"字句的谓语动词 "把"字句的谓语动词必须是及物动词 Predicate verbs of “sentence pattern of "Ba" Predicate verbs of “sentence pattern of "Ba" shall be transitive verbs. 这个条件很重要，所谓及物动词什么意思呢？就是 This condition is important. What do the so-called transitive verbs mean? 后面可以带名词性的或者是体词性的宾语，这样的动词叫及物动词，而且 The verb that can be followed by a noun or a verbal object is transitive verb and 或者前边出现的是什么呢？状语，或者是后边带上什么呢？ 补语、 It is led by a adverbial or followed by complement, 宾语或者动态助词 也就是说它不能只是一个光杆动词 object or dynamic auxiliary word, that is to say, it can’t just be a simple verb. 也就是说什么意思呢？"把"字句的这个谓语动词呢不能 In other words, the predicate verb of “sentence pattern of "Ba" can't 是一个动词，必须前边有成分，后边有成分，这样才可以 我们看一下句子就比较清楚。 be a verb. It must have elements in front and in the end. Here, some sentences make you clear. 我们看例一，弟弟把牛奶都喝了 "喝"是一个动词，那么它的前边有"都"，后边有"了" Let’s look at the first example. “Di di ba niu nai dou he le.” (The younger brother drank the milk). The “he” (drink) is a verb, which is matched with “dou” and “le”. 也就是说前面有"都"，后面有"了"，这样的句子就是比较好的句子 Such a sentence is a great sentence. 我们再看第二例，去的时候千万把相机带着！"带"是一个动词，那么它后面 Let's look at the second example. “Qu de shi hou ba xiang ji dai zhe” (Take the camera when you go!) The “Dai” (take) is a verb, then there is 有一个"着"，也就是说这个"着"很重要，如果没有这个"着"，那么这个句子就是错误的 a “zhe” behind it, which means that this “zhe” is very important. If there is no such “zhe”, then the sentence is wrong. 也就是说"去的时候千万把相机带"，那么这个句子就是错了，为什么呢？就是说它后面 That is to say, the sentence of “Qu de shi hou ba xiang ji dai” is wrong. Why? 没有东西，它前面也没有东西，所以这个是一定要注意，也就是说不可以是一个动词 Because no modifiers in front and end of it, so this must be noted. That is to say, it cannot be a verb individually. 不可以"弟弟把牛奶喝"，"去的时候千万把相机带"，这样的句子都是错误的 Such sentences of “di di ba niu nai he” and “qu de shi hou qian wan ba xiang ji dai” are all wrong 要注意，"把"字句里面 Pay attention, in sentence pattern of “ba”, 动态助词，也就是所谓的"过"一般不能出现在动词的后面 dynamic auxiliary words, also known as “guo”, cannot appear behind verbs in general. 但是呢，可以出现在动词短语，也就是一个 动词一个短语的后面。 However, it can be placed after a verb phrase. 我们看一下例子就比较清楚 我们看，他从来没把工资"发"是一个动词 Let’s take a look at some examples. “ta cong lai mei ba gong zi fa (a verb) guo”. 过，这个动词带上"过"以后，这个句子就是错的。 The sentence will be wrong after added with “guo”. 也就是说我们不能这么说 但是我们可以说什么呢？他从来没把工资发错过 That is to say, we cannot say like that. The correct expression is that “ta cong lai mei ba gong zi fa cuo guo” "发"是个动词，"错"是一个补语，也就是说它是一个动词短语 “fa” (a verb) and “cuo”(a complement) form a verb phrase. 因此，它的后面呢，就可以加上一个"过"，那么这个句子就是正确的 正确的句子。 Therefore, it can be added with a “guo” in the end. And then this sentence will be correct. 2. 2. 带可能补语的 动词短语不能做"把"字句的谓语 verb phrases with possible complements cannot be used as predicates for sentence pattern of “ba”. 例如，我们来看一下例子就比较清楚什么意思。 Some examples make you clear. 例一，我们把汉语学得好 "学得好"是什么意思呢？就是一个可能补语 Example one, “wo men bah an yu xue de hao” (we learn Chinese well.) What does “xue de hao” mean? It is a possible complement. 是一个可能补语，它表示什么呢？能学好 能学好的意思，所以这个句子是错的，我们应该说什么呢？ What does it stands for? “neng xue hao”. This sentence is wrong. 应该说"我们能把汉语学好"，在"把"的前面 加上个"能"，这个句子就很好了。 We should say that “wo men neng ba han yu xue hao”. If a “neng” is added before “ba”, this sentence will be great. 第二例，山本把这些啤酒喝得完 那么"喝得完"是什么？也是一个可能补语 Example two, “shan ben ba zhe xie pi jiu he de wan.” (shan ben can drink these beers out.) what is “he de wan” ? It is a possible complement. 也就是说"喝得完"是能喝完的意思，所以呢 它放在这做"把"字句的谓语动词，那么这个句子 “he de wan” stands for “neng he wan” (someone can drink something out). The sentence of “shan ben ba zhe xie pi jiu he de wan” 也是一个错的句子，应该说什么呢？山本"能"，用个"能" is wrong. A “neng” shall be added in this sentence. 把这些啤酒喝完，就是很好的句子，就是一个正确的句子 3. Therefore, “shan ben neng ba zhe xie pi jiu he wan” is a correct sentence. 3. "把"字句中的状语的位置 The position of adverbial in sentence pattern of “ba” "把"字句中状语的位置非常复杂 有的呢，只能出现在"把"字前 The position above is very complex. Some adverbials can be only put before a sentence pattern of “ba” 有的呢，只能出现在动词前，还有的出现在"把"字前和动词前都可以 我们来看一下例子。 Some adverbials can be only placed before verbs. And some adverbials id freely used. Let us see some examples. 第一例，老师说完就把黑板擦了 这个"就"是什么呢？状语 Example one, “lao shi shuo wan jiu ba hei ban ca le” (The teacher wiped the blackboard after he finished speaking.) what is “jiu”? An adverbial 那么我们说这个"就"它只能在"把"的前面 放在"把"的前面是对的。 The sentence will be right when the “jiu” is placed before “ba”. 我们再看第二例 把杯子平放在茶几上！那么这个"平" Example two, “ba bei zi ping fang zai cha ji shang” (Put the cup flat on the tea table). Here the “ping” 也是一个状语，那么它也只能放在 这个动词的前边，"平放"。 is also an adverbial and can be only placed before the verb of “fang” (put). 第三例 他也把书还了。 Example three, “ta ye ba shu huan le.” (He also returned the book.) 那么这个"也"是一个状语 那么它放在什么地方呢？放在了"把"的前面。 The “ye” here is an abverbial. What is the position of it? Before “ba” 但是我们看第四例，他把书也还了 那么"也"放在什么地方呢？"也"放在这个动词的前面了 Let us turn to example four, “ta ba shu ye huan le.” What is the position of “ye” in this sentence? Before the verb of “huan” (return). 就是第三例是在"把"的前面，第四例是在动词的前面 “ye” is placed before “ba” in the third example and it is placed before a verb in the fourth example. 这样的，也就是说"也"可以在"把"前，也可以在谓语动词前 所以两种情况都可以。 These two usages are right. "把"字句中状语的位置 大致如下：第一种情况，一般情况下 The position of the adverbial in the "ba" sentence is roughly as follows: in the first case, under normal circumstances 就是大多数的情况下，状语位于"把"字的前边，放在前边 我们看一下例子就比较清楚。 Or in most cases, the adverbial is placed before the word of “ba”. Some examples make you clear. 例一，大家先把教室打扫一下 这个是状语，那么放在什么？放在"把"的前边了。 Example one, “da jia xian ba jiao shi da sao yi xia” (Let’s clean the classroom first.) The adverbial is placed before “ba”. 第二例 你已经把我忘了。 Example two, “ni yi jing ba wo wang le” (you have forgotten me). "已经"也是一个状语，那么它放在哪呢？放在"把"的前面 “yi jing” is also an adverbial. What is the position of it? Before “ba” 也是放在"把"的前面，那么放在"把"的前面是一种什么呢？一般的情况，也就是说 常见的情况是这样的。 The usage like this is normal. 2. 2. 表示方向、 路径 或者是描写行为动作的状语，一般放在谓语动词前。 Adverbials that indicate direction, path, or behavior are generally placed before the predicate verb. 我们看一下例子就比较清楚，第一例 把门往外拉！这是一个动词 Let us see some examples to be clear. Example one, “ba men wang wai la!” (Pull the door out). This is a verb. 那么这个"往外"是什么呢？是一个介宾短语，是一个介词加上名词 What is “wang wai”? A prepositional phrase (a preposition added with a noun) 它表示什么呢？表示一种方向，表示方向 What does it stands for? A direction "往外"不是"往里"，所以呢它放在什么呢？ 动词"拉"的前面。 “wang wai” (outside) not “wang li” (inside). Therefore, it is placed before the verb of “la”. 第二例，把箱子从这儿 "从这儿"也是一个状语 Example two, “ba xiang zi cong zhe er”. The “cong zhe er” is also an adverbial. "从这儿"搬出去，"搬"是一个动词，所以呢"从这儿"是什么呢？是一个什么呢 “cong zhe er ban chu qu”. (move from here) The “ban” is a verb. What is “cong zhe er” (from here)? it is 是一个路径，就是经过的地方，"从这儿"，所以呢它也放在动词的前面 a path. Therefore, it is placed before a verb. 第三例，能不能把你的椅子稍微挪一下？ Example three, “neng bu neng ba ni de yi zi shao wei nuo yi xia?” (Can you move your chair a bit?) "稍微"也是一个状语，"挪"是个动词，"稍微"放在"挪"的前边 “shao wei” is also an adverbial. “nuo” is a verb. “shao wei” is placed before “nuo”. 为什么"稍微"放在"挪"的前边呢？是因为"稍微"这个状语是描写 Why? Because the adverbial of “shao wei” is used to describe 说明这个"挪"的，也就是动词"挪"的这个幅度、 这个量是很小 the “nuo”. The amplitude of “nuo” is low. 所以呢，它也放在这个动词"挪"的前，这是第二种情况 This is the second situation. 要注意：第一，就是否定副词，大家一定注意这个条件 Pay attention: firstly, negative adverb 否定副词只能位于，注意"只能" 位于"把"前面。 can be only placed before “ba”. 我们看一下例子，外边下大雨，不要 把窗户打开。 Let me show you some examples. “wai bian xia da yu, bu yao ba chuang hu da kai.” (It’s raining outside, don’t open the window.) 那么这个"不"是一个什么呢？否定副词 所以它在哪呢？它在"把"的前面。 What is the “bu”? negative adverb. Where is it? Before “ba” 第二例，别把衣服弄脏了 这个"别"也是一个否定副词，它放在什么地方？ 放在"把"的前面。 Example two, “bie ba yi fu nong zang le”. (Don’t make your clothes dirty). The “bie” is also a negative adverb. What is the position of it? Before “ba” 第三例，他没把作业交给老师。 Example three, “ta mei ba zuo ye jiao gei lao shi” (he did not hand over the homework to his teacher). "没" 同样是否定副词，是吧？所以呢它放在，也是放在"把"的前面 “mei” is also a negative adverb, right? So it is placed before “ba”. 所以注意啊，这个"不"不能放在"把"的前面 "别"也不能放在"弄脏"的前边 Pay attention please. The “bu” cannot be put before “ba”. The “bie” shall not be placed before “nong zang”. 这个"没"也不能放在"交给"的前边 否则都是错误的，如果放在这些地方啊 The “mei” shall not be placed before “jiao gei”. Otherwise, it will be wrong. 它都是错误的，所以要特别地注意。 So please pay attention to it. 2 能愿动词只能位于"把"字的前面。 2 The modal verb can only be placed before the word of “ba”. 这个也特别重要，这是能愿动词 所谓的"能"、 "可以"、 This is also important. Modal verbs, such as: “neng”, “ke yi”, "会"，这样的动词 只能在"把"的前边，我们看一下例子就比较清楚 “hui”, can be only placed before “ba”. Let me show you some examples to be clear. 例一，大家可以把这些东西带走 Example one, “Da jia ke yi ba zhe xie dong xi dai zou.” (Everyone can take these things away). "可以"是一个能愿动词 它放在"把"的前面了。 “ke yi” is a modal verb. It is placed before “ba”. 第二例，不能把书包放在这儿 这个"能"也是一个能愿动词，那么它放在呢 "把"的前面。 Example two, “bu yao ba shu bao fang zai zhe er.” (do not put the bag here). The “neng” ,a modal verb, is placed before “ba”. "应该"，"应该"也是一个能愿动词 它也只能放在"把"的前面 “ying gai” is also a modal verb. It can be only placed before “ba”. 也就是说，放在"把"的前面都是对的，如果 你把这个句子，比如说例一说成"大家把这些东西 That is to say, the sentence is right when the “ba” is placed before a modal verb. Therefore, if you say that “da jia ba zhe xie dong xi 可以带走"，放在这个地方都是错了 ke yi dai zou”, it will be wrong. 也不能说"不把书包能放在这儿" "能放在这儿"也是错的。 And “bu ba shu bao neng fang zai zhe er” is also wrong. 把邮票贴在信封的右上角 把"应该"放在"贴"的前边，放在这儿，应该放在这儿 “ba you piao tie zai xin feng de you shang jiao”. (Put the stamp on the top right corner of the envelope). The “ba” shall be placed before “tie”. Place it here. 也是错的，也就是说这个"能"不能放在这儿 "可以"也不能放在这儿，否则的话都是错误的 Both “neng” and “ke yi” shall not be placed here. otherwise, it will be wrong.
