今天讲第八讲，句子的类型， 汉语的句子按功能分为陈述句、 Today we will learn Lecture Eight: types of sentences. Chinese sentences are divided into declarative sentences, 疑问句、 祈使句和感叹句。 interrogative sentences, imperative sentences, and exclamatory sentences according to their functions. 一、 陈述句，句末读降调，叙述一件事情或说明一种情况 I. Declarative sentences, with a falling tone in the end, are used to narrate an event or describe a situation 例如，昨天很冷，这个句子呢就是陈述句。 For example, it was cold yesterday. This sentence is a declarative sentence. 二，下个星期有大风，这个句子呢也是一个陈述句。 Second, there will be a strong wind next week. This sentence is also a declarative sentence. （二）疑问句，句末读升调 提出问题或询问某种事情。 (II) Interrogative sentences, with a falling tone in the end, are used to ask questions or inquire about some issues. 例如 ①你去哪儿了？这是一个疑问句，后面还有问号 For example, ① Where have you been? This is an interrogative sentence, followed by a question mark. ②明天有课吗？这个也是一个疑问句，那么句末呢也有一个问号。 ② Is there a class tomorrow? This is also an interrogative sentence, followed by a question mark. 疑问句可以进一步分为五类 是非问句、 Interrogative sentences can be further divided into five categories of Yes or no question, 特指问句、 正反问句、 选择问句和 反问句。 special questions, positive and negative questions, alternative questions and rhetorical questions. 一，是非问句 要求作出肯定或者 否定回答的问句叫做是非问句。 I. Yes or no question, requiring a positive or negative answer 是非问句常见的有三种， （1）"陈述句+吗"是非问句 There are often three types of Yes or no question. (1) “Declarative sentence + ma” is a Yes or no question 陈述句句末带上疑问助词"吗"， 就变成了是非问句。 When the end of declarative sentence is followed by a question particle of “ma”, it is a Yes or no question. 我们来看一下例子：第①例 你去过北京，这是一个陈述句，那么加上"吗"以后 那么就变成了一个是非问句。 Let have a look at some examples. The first one, you have been to Beijing. This is a declarative sentence. When it is followed by a “ma”, it will be a Yes or no question. 第②例：汉语难学，这也是个陈述句，那么句尾加上"吗" The second one, Chinese is difficult to learn. This is also a declarative sentence. When it is followed by a “ma”, 变成了呢也是一个是非问句。 it will be a Yes or no question. （2）"陈述句+好吗" (2) “declarative sentence + Yes or no questions, such as: hao ma” (Remark: “hao ma” means that “is it okay”) 之类的是非问句，这类是非问句啊，是先提出自己的看法 建议等，然后句末加上"好吗" In this type of Yes or no questions, someone often puts forward ideas or suggestions followed by “hao ma” "可以吗"、 "对吗"、 "行吗"等表示疑问 "好吗"、 “ke yi ma”, “dui ma”, “xing ma” and so forth to indicate a question. A comma is often used before these sentences of “hao ma”, "可以吗"、 "对吗"、 "行吗" 前面有逗号隔开，我们来看两个例子。 “ke yi ma”, “dui ma”, “xing ma”. Let us see some examples. 我们看第①个例子：明天再去，好吗？ 那么这就是一个，也是一个是非问句。 The first one, “ming tian zai qu, hao ma” (let’s go tomorrow, is it ok?) this is a Yes or no question. 给我看看，可以吗？ 这同样是一个呢是非问句。 “gei wo kan kan, ke yi ma” (can you show me it? ) . This is also a Yes or no question. （3） "陈述句+疑问的语调"的是非问句 Yes or no questions, consist of “declarative sentence + a questioning tone” 陈述句带上疑问的语调就成了是非问句。 When a declarative sentence is followed by a questioning tone, it is a Yes or no question. 我们来看两个例子，第①个例子：这件衣服漂亮，这是一个陈述句, Let me show you some examples. The first one, “this dress is beautiful” is a declarative sentence. 但是我们加上一个问号，那么读的 时候，那么是上升的语调的时候呢，就变成了一个 是非问句。 However, when it is followed by a question mark and read with a rising tune, it will be a Yes or no question. 这件衣服漂亮,这是个陈述，那我们说这件衣服漂亮？那么这样是上升的时候呢，它就变成一个 This dress is beautiful,This is a declarative sentence. When we say that “zhe jian yi fu piao liang?” (this dress is beautiful?), it will be a 是非问句了。 Yes or no question. 第②例：这次不考第六课 这也是个陈述句，但是如果这个语调 The second one: the lecture six will not been questioned in this exam. This is also a declarative sentence. However, if it is 上升的语调，那么同样变成一个疑问句了，我们说这次 a rising tune, it will be an interrogative sentence. “This time, 不考第六课？这就是一个呢是非问句，变成了一个是非问句。 the lecture six will not been questioned? It is a Yes or no question. 二，特指问句 II. Special questions 用疑问代词或者是疑问副词提问的句子，叫做特指问句。 A sentence that is questioned by an interrogative pronoun or a question adverb is called a special question. 问人用"谁"等，问处所用"哪儿"，问时间用"什么时候"等, “shui”(who) is used for asking people, “na er” (where) is used for places, “shen me shi hou” (when) is used for time. 问方式用"怎么"等，问程度用"多+形容词"。 “zen me” (how) is used for methods. “duo+ adjectives” is used for extends. 我们来看一下例子啊。 Let me show you some examples. 第①例：谁是 你们的口语老师？这个"谁"是一个疑问代词，问的是人。 The first one: “shui shi ni men de kou yu laoshi” (who is your spoken language teacher?) the “shui” (who) here is an interrogative pronoun, used for people. 所以呢这就是一个什么呢？特指问句啊特指问句。 Therefore, what is this? A special question 我们再看一下第②例 他们在找什么？这个"什么"也是一个疑问代词 Let us see the second example: “ta men zai zhao shen me” (what ae they looking for). The “she me” (what) here is an interrogative pronoun 表示的是事物，所以呢这也是一个呢特指问句 三，正反问句 to show some things. So this is also a special question. III. Positive and negative question 问句中的谓语动词，为动词或者形容词的 The structure that positive and negative forms of predicate verbs, verbs or adjectives in questions 肯定形式和否定形式并列起来的结构，叫做正反问句。 are parallel is called positive and negative question 我们来看一下例子：你知道不知道这件事啊？ Let us see some examples: “ni zhi dao bu zhi dao zhe jian shi a? ” (Do you know it?) "知道"是一个肯定形式，"不知道"是一个否定形式，那么它们放在一起 那么就变成了一个什么呢？正反问句。 “zhi dao” (know) is a positive form, and “bu zhi dao” (do not know) is a negative form. When they are put together, when will it be? That is positive and negative question. 所谓"正"一个是肯定，一个是否定的。 The so called “zheng fan” is positive and negative. 再看第②例：昨天下没下雨？ 那么"下"是个肯定的，"没下"是个否定的。 Let us turn to the second example: “zuo tian xia mei xia yu?” (Did it rain yesterday?) The “xia”(rain) is positive, and “mei xia”(no rain) is negative. 也就是所谓的肯定形式和否定形式，放在一起就变成了一个 正反问句。 The so-called positive form and negative form are put together and become a positive and negative question. 正反问句可以 根据构成成分的不同，进一步分为以下三类：（1) The positive and negative questions can be further divided into the following three categories according to the different components: (1) 主语+动词/形容词+ 不/没+动词/形容词 Subject + Verb/Adjective + “bu/mei” (no) + Verb/Adjective "主语+动词/形容词+不/没+动词/形容词"呢是一种 “Subject + Verb/Adjective + “bu/mei” (no) + Verb/Adjective” 常见的正反问句，也就是说用得比较多。 is a common positive and negative question. That is to say, it is frequently used. 我们来看一下例子啊 第①例：她走没走 Let me show you some examples.The first one: “ta zou mei zou?” (Is she gone?) 走没走？"走"是个动词，"没走"呢是一个 走的否定形式，那它们放在一起就构成了一个正反问句 “zou” (go) is a verb. “mei zou” is a negative form of “zou”. When they are put together, it is a positive and negative question. 再看一下第②例，汉语难，难和不难 那么这也是一个什么呢？正反问句。 Example two: “han yu nan bu nan” (Is Chinese difficult?) It is also a positive and negative question. "难"是什么？形容词 它这"不难"是一个否定形式，也就是说肯定和否定放在一起呢，构成一个也是一个正反问句。 What is “nan” (difficult)? Adjective. And “bu nan” is a negative form. When they are put together, a positive and negative question is produced.. 如果动词带宾语，那么宾语主要有两种位置, If the verb has an object, then the object has two main positions. 一种是主语+动词+不/没+动词+宾语, One is the subject + verb + “bu /mei”( no) + verb + object, 也就是说什么意思呢？这个宾语放在最后面 放在动词的后面，这是一种情况。 What is it mean? The object is placed behind of a verb. This is the first situation. 第二种情况是什么呢？主语+动词+宾语 然后再+不+动词。 What is the second situation? Subject + verb + object and then + “bu” (no) + verb 我们看一下例子就比较清楚了，大家看一下第①例 他会不会汉语？这个"汉语"是一个宾语, Let me show you some examples to make it clear. The first one: “ta hui bu hui han yu?” (can he speak Chinese?) The “han yu” (Chinese) is an object. 那么这个"会"是个动词，所以呢这个宾语放在 这个最后一个"会"的后面。 And the “hui” is a verb. Therefore, the object is placed after the last “hui”. 再看一下第②例 你今天早上吃没吃早饭？"早饭"是一个宾语 Example two, “ni jin tian zao shang chi mei chi zao fan? (Have you eaten breakfast this morning?) The “zao fan” (breakfast) is an object. 那么这个早饭放在什么地方呢？也就是放在没吃的后面,放在第二个吃，第一个吃啊，第二个吃的后面作宾语 What position of “zao fan” here? It is placed after “mei chi” and used as an object. 我们再看第③例：你喝啤酒不喝？这个情况 就和①、②不一样，那么啤酒是什么呢？是宾语。 Example three: “ni he pi jiu bu he” (Do you drink beer?) This sentence is different from the above. What is “pi jiu” (beer)? An object. 但是它放在什么呢？第一个"喝"的后面, What position is it? After the first “he” (drink) 那就说不喝的后面没有宾语了，也就说宾语啊跑在这个。 That is to say, no object after “bu he”. The object is placed after 第一个"喝"的后面去了，这也是一种，一种情况啊一种情况。 the first “he”. This is another situation. 如果肯定形式后 带"了"，否定形式只能用"没有", If the positive form is followed by “le”, the negative form can be only expressed with “mei you”. 即主语加上动词加上"了"加"没有"， 动词如果带宾语，"了"呢在宾语后，即 That is, the subject is added with a verb, “le”, and “mei you”. If there is an object, which is followed by “le”, after a verb, that is: 主语+动词+宾语+ "了" + "没有"。 Subject +verb +object+ “le”+ “mei you” 我们来看来两个例子啊，第①个我们看，大家吃了 Let me show you some examples. The first one: “da jia chi le 没有？那么这个有一个"了"，吃了有一个"了"，因此呢 mei you?” (Has everyone eaten?) A “le” is here. Therefore, 这个"没有"放在什么呢？也就放在"了"的后面，啊放在"了"的后面 吃了没有？这是一种情况。 What is the position of “mei you”? after the “le”. “chi le mei you?” this is a situation. 大家吃饭了没有？吃饭了没有？那么这个是有宾语了，吃的后面有宾语，那么这个"了"呢，跑在哪儿呢？- “da jia chi fan le mei you?” there is an object after “chi”. Where is the “le”?- 跑在这个 宾语的后面，然后再加上"没有"，啊加上"没有" It is placed after the object and added with “mei you” （2）"是不是"正反问句 (2) Positive and negative questions of “shi bu shi” 在陈述句的谓语前面加上"是不是" 或者在句首、 When a “shi bu shi” is placed before the predicate of declarative sentence or the first or end 句末加上"是不是" 就成了"是不是"正反问句。 of a sentence, positive and negative questions of “shi bu shi” is produced. "是不是"位于句末的时候，前面要用逗号隔开 When the “shi bus hi” is placed in the end of a sentence, a comma is required before it. 那么这种问句啊，提问人一般对某种情况有 比较肯定的估计。 This type of question shows that the questioner generally has a more positive estimate of a situation. 我们来看一下例子 那么看一下第①例，你妈妈是不是也知道？这个"是不是" Let us see some examples. The first one, “ni ma ma shi bu shi ye zhi dao?” (does your mother also know it?) 把这个"是不是"放在什么呢？就是知道的前边，所以呢这也是一种 问句形式，是不是放在这儿。 What is the position of “shi bu shi”? before the “zhi dao”. This is also a form of question. “shi bus hi” is placed here. 那第②例是，是不是你妈妈也知道？那么"是不是"跑在 放在了你妈妈主语的前边 The second example is, “shi bu shi ni ma ma ye zhi dao?” here, the “shi bu shi” is placed before the subject of “ni ma ma” (your mother). 那么这也是一种疑问形式，正反问句的一种 一种方法吧，一种方法。 This is also a form of question. it is a method of positive and negative question. "陈述句+好不好"之类的正反问句 这类正反问句是在陈述句末用上"好不好"、 Positive and negative question, such as: “declarative sentence + hao bu hao”. This type of sentence is that in the end of a declarative sentence, “hao bu hao”, "行不行"等 "好不好"、 "行不行"等前面呢一般用逗号隔开，有一个逗号 “xing bu xing” and so forth. There is often a comma before “hao bu hao” or “xing bu xing” 这个很重要，就是要注意啊不能连在一起 隔开啊，我们看一下例子就比较清楚。 Pay attention to the comma which is important. Let us see some examples to make it clear. 第①例：明天去 好不好？后面用个"好不好"表示呢 疑问啊疑问。 Example one: “ming tian qu hao bu hao”. The “hao bu hao” here is used to express a question. 那么是这种正反问句 第②例：咱们吃饺子，行不行？ It is a type of positive and negative question. Example two: “zan men chi jiao zi, xing bu xing?” "行不行"也是一种正反问句，一正一反 “xing bu xing” is also a positive and negative question. 也是一种问句，那么它们前面都有什么呢？都有一个逗号隔开，啊逗号隔开 What is it before them? A comma. They are divided by a comma. 这种正反问句的肯定回答是 "好"、 The positive answer of this type of positive and negative question is “hao”, "行"等；它的否定回答是"不好"、 "不行"等。 “xing” and so forth. Its negative answer is “bu hao” or “bu xing”. 我们来看一下例子就比较清楚 看一下第①例 Some examples make it clear. Example one A ：咖啡淡点儿，好不好？这是个问句 那么回答，肯定的回答比如说：好。 A: “cafei dan dian er, hao bu hao?” this is a question. the positive answer of it is “hao”. 那么好这是一个肯定的回答 再看一下第②例：A 说门关上，行不行？ Example two: A said that “men guan shang, xing bu xing?” 那么 B 的回答说不行，所以是它的否定啊否定 And B said that “bu xing”. Its negative answer is no. 四，选择问句，含有"是 还是"的问句叫做选择问句 IV. Alternative question the question that inludes “shi hai shi” is called alternative question 选择问句常常列举几种情况，要求听话人做出 选择。 There are often some situations of alternative question to ask the listener make choices. 我们来看几个例子啊，第①例是 今天买还是明天买？ Let us see some examples. The first example is that “jin tian mai hai shi ming tian mai?” 今天买是一种选择，明天买也是一种选择，也就是说话人提供两个选择，要求 “jin tian mai” is a choice. “ming tian mai” is also a choice. That is to say, the speaker provides two choices and lets 听话人呢从中作出选择，一个选择。 the listener make choices from it. 第②例是 我们是去上海还是去北京？去上海和去北京也是两个选择 Example two, “wo men shi qu Shanghai hai shi qu Beijing?” (will we go to Shanghai or Beijing?) “qu shanghai” and “qu Beijing” are two choices. 那么也是要求听话人呢，选择其一 我们再看第③例：明天是喝啤酒，还是葡萄酒 It also requires the listeners select one. Example three: “ming tina shi he pijiu , hai shi putao jiu?” (will we drink beer or wine tomorrow?) 那么喝啤酒和葡萄酒是两种选择，也是要求呢听话人呢作出 “he pijiu” and “he putao jiu” are two choices, also requiring the listeners to 一种选择，是葡萄酒还是啤酒 select one, “putao jiu” or “pijiu”.
