大家好，欢迎进入对外汉语教学核心语法课堂 今天我们讲第三讲，副词、 Hi，everyone!Welcome to the core grammar class of teaching Chinese as a second language. Today we will learn Lecture Three Adverb, 介词和连词 第一节，副词。 Preposition and conjunction Section one, adverb 一. First, 副词的类别和作用。 Type and role of adverb （一）副词的类别 主要用在动词或动词短语、 (I)Type of adverb The word or phrase that is placed before verbs or verb phrases, 形容词或形容词短语前边， 起着修饰、 adjective or adjective phrases to modify or 限定作用的词叫做副词， 副词可以按照意义分为八类。 To define them is called an adverb. Adverbs, according to its meaning, can be divided into eight types 1. 1. 时间副词， 表示动作或事件发生的时间的副词 Adverb of time Adverbs that are used to indicate the time when an act or event happens 叫做时间副词，像"已经 正、 立刻、 马上、 is called adverbs of time, such as “already, now, immediately, right now, 刚、 一向、 偶尔"等 例如：①这里危险，请大家马上离开这里！ Just, always, occasionally” etc. For example, ①Tt is dangerous here. Please leave here right now! 这个例子中的"马上"就是一个时间副词 ②爸爸一向不喝酒、 不抽烟。 “Right now” in the example above is an adverb of time. ②My dad never drink or smokes. 这个里面的"一向" 也是一个时间副词。 In this sentence, the phrase “yi xiang(never)“ is also an adverb of time. 2. 2. 语气副词，表示对动作或事件的评价 modal adverb Adverbs that express comments on or attitudes towards an action or event 或态度的副词呢叫做语气副词，像"难道，到底 究竟、 is called modal adverbs, such as “isn’t it, on earth, at all 果然、 反正、 幸亏、 偏偏"等 sure enough, anyway, fortunately, unluckily” etc. 例如：①你难道不知道明天考试吗？这一例中的"难道" 就是一个语气副词。 For example, ①Don’t you know that there will be a test tomorrow? In this sentence, “nan dao (don’t) ” is a modal adverb. ② 反正现在没事，我们一起去逛商店吧 ② Anyway, as we have nothing to engage. How about shopping around? 这个例子中的"反正"也是这个语气副词 3. Again, in this sentence, the word “fang zheng(anyway)” is a modal adverb. 3. 方式副词。 adverb of manner 表示行为动作的 方式的副词叫做方式副词，像"一块儿 一起、 逐步、 互相"等。 Adverbs that represent manners of acts or behaviors is called adverbs of manner, such as “together, ,zu gradually, each other” and so on. 例如：① 同学们的汉语水平在逐步提高。 For example, ①The students’ Chinese is improving gradually. 这个里边的"逐步"就是一个方式副词 In this sentence, the word “zhu bu(gradually)” is an adverb of manner. 第②个例子：大家应该互相帮助，这个"互相"也是表示一种方式。 Example ②, everybody should help each other. The phrase “hu xiang(each other)” also indicates a manner. 也就是说表示 这个帮助的一种方式，所以呢，也是一个方式副词。 That is to say, the way of help, so it is also an adverb of manner. 4. 4. 范围副词。 adverb of scope 用来限制跟动作相关的名词或者短语 The adverb that is used to define numbers or scopes of subject of a noun or phrase indicating an action 所指称的对象的数量、 范围的副词叫做范围副词。 is called an adverb of scope, 像"都、 全、 只、 凡是、 大多、 仅仅"等。 such as “all, entirely, only, any, most, merely” etc. 例如：①大家都会游泳。 For example, ①All people can swim. 这个例子中的"都"就是一个 范围副词。 In this example, the word “dou(all)” is an adverb of scope. 第②例中的：凡是 吃过的菜就不要再点了。 Example②, Don’t order any cuisine that you have tried. 这个"凡是"也是表示一个范围，所以呢也是一个范围副词 5. Still, the word “any” represents a scope, that is to say, it is also an adverb of scope. 5. 程度副词。 adverb of degree 表示性质高低的副词 叫做程度副词，像"很、 Adverb that indicates the degree of a nature is called an adverb of degree, such as “very, 非常、 太、 十分、 格外 最、 比较、 稍微"等。 extremely, too, completely, especially, most, relatively, slightly”etc. 例如第①例：今天考完了，大家 很高兴。 Example ①, after finishing the exam today, everybody is very happy. 这个"很"就是一个程度副词，表示高兴的程度。 The word “hen(very)” is an adverb of degree to show how happy they are. 第②个例子：今天太热了。 Example②, Today is too hot. 这个"太"也是一个程度副词，表示热的程度很高。 The word “tai(too)” is an adverb of degree to show how hot it is. 6. 6. 重复副词 表示动作重复或发生的频率的副词叫做 frequency adverb The adverb that indicates how frequently an act repeats or happens 重复副词，像"常、 常常、 重新、 往往、 又、 再"等。 is called frequency adverbs, such as “often, again, usually, also, once more” etc. 例如第①个例子：那个学生常常不来上课。 For example, ①That student often skip class. 这个 "常常"表示这个不来上课的频率比较多。 The word “chang chang(often)” indicates that the frequency of class skipping is really high. 第②例子 请你重新写一下。 Example②, Please write again. 这个"重新"呢也是一个重复副词。 The word “chong xin(again)” is also a frequency adverb. 7. 7. 否定副词 表示否定的副词叫做否定副词， Negative adverbs The adverb that indicates negative meaning is called a negative adverb. 否定副词主要有"不、 没（有）、 别、 不要、 甭" 等。 Negative adverbs mainly include “no, none, not, don’t,” etc. 例如：不会没关系，可以问老师。 For example, It’s okay if you don’t understand. You can ask your teacher. 这里边这个"不会" 这个"不"就是一个否定副词。 In this sentence, the word “bu(don’t)” is a negative adverb. 第②例子：别喝了！ 你都快醉了！这个"别"同样是一个否定副词。 Example②: You should not drink any more. You are almost drunk. The word “bie(not)” is also a negative adverb. 第③例：考试的时候不要紧张！这个"不要" 也是一个否定副词。 Example③: Don’t be nervous when taking the exam. The word “bu yao(don’t) is also a negative adverb. 8. 8. 关联副词。 correlative adverb 在句子中起着连接作用的副词呢叫做关联副词 关联副词主要有"就、 便、 也、 却"等。 Adverbs that play a related role in a sentence are correlative adverbs, mainly including “as soon as, then, either, but” etc. 例如： 第①例我们看一下：他们吃完饭就走了。 Let us see the example. ①: They leaved after finishing dinner. 这个 "就"连接的是什么呢？"他们吃完饭"和"走"，所以是一个呢 我们叫关联副词。 What does the word of “jiu(as soon as)” connect? It connects “finishing dinner” and “leaved”, so we called the word correlative adverb. 第②例：你不去，我也不去。 Example②, If you don’t go, I won’t, either. 这是用"也"呢把"你不去"和 "我也不去"这两个分句连接起来，所以呢也是一个关联副词 The word “ye(either)” connects two clauses, “if you don’t go” and I” I won’t, either”. So it is also a correlative adverb. （二）副词及"副词+动词（短语） /形容词（短语）"的这个作用。 (II)the role of adverbs and “adverb + verb(phrase) / adjective(phrase)” 1. 1. 副词的作用 （1）作状语。 The role of adverbs (1) used as adverbial modifiers 副词主要的功能呢是作状语 我们看第①个例子：这么做太过分了！这个太过分了，这个"太"就是一个状语。 The main role of adverb is to be used as adverbial modifiers.
Let us look example①: It is too much! Too much! The word “tai(too)” is an adverbial modifier. 第②例子：你怎么又来了？这个"又"也是一个状语 Example②, why are you here again? The word “you(again)” is also an adverbial modifier. 副词作状语带"地"问题， Issues of adverbs with the word “De(-ly)” when used as adverbial modifiers 副词作状语啊，有的可以带"地"，有的呢"不能"。 When adverbs are used as adverbial modifiers, some can work with the word “De(-ly)” while others can’t. 那么具体情况如下 第一种情况：单音节副词做状语不带"地"。 To be specific, firstly, monosyllabic adjectives used as adverbial modifiers without “De (-ly)” 所谓"单音节"就是一个汉字 这样的副词，那么做状语时候呢是不带"地"。 What is called monosyllabic is a Chinese word. Such adverbs are not added with “De(-ly)” when used as adverbial modifiers. 我们看第①个例子：我没听懂，你再说一遍。 Let us turn to example①, I don’t get it. Please say again. 这个"再" 是一个副词，那么做状语的时候，后面不能用"地"。 The word “zai(again) is an adverb. There is no “De” after it when it is used as adverbial modifier. 第②例：妈妈下班刚回来。 Example②, My mom just get home from work. "刚"也是一个副词，那么后面也是不可以用"地"的， 都是单音节一个汉字。 The word “gang(just)” is also an adverb and it is okay to delete the word of“De”. They are both monosyllabic, only one Chinese word. （2） 双音节副词绝大多数不能带"地" （2） Most double syllable adverbs shall not be added with “De (-ly)” 例如：我们看一下第①例：我曾经来过一次中国， 这是第二次。 Let’s look at example①: I have been to China once and this is the second time. 而"曾经"是个双音节，但是我们说"曾经"的后面也不用"得"。 “Ceng jing(once)” is a double syllable, and we don’t add “De” after “ceng jing” 第②例：明天也许下雨。 Example②: It may be raining tomorrow. 这个"也许"也是一个状语，是个副词。 Here, the word “may” is an adverbial modifier, an adverb. 那么，这个也许的后面呢 也不带"地"。 Therefore, the word “ye xv(may)” is not followed by “De”. 有些双音节副词带不带"地"都可以。 It is okay for some double syllable adverbs whether there is “De” after them or not. 例如：我们看一下第①个例子：他偷偷（地）出去了。 Let’s look at example①: he went out secretly. "偷偷"是一个双音节，但是我们后面我们可以说有"地" 也可以没有"地"，也就是说，可以说他偷偷出去了 “tou tou(secretly)” is syllable, so we can add “De” to it or not. That is to say, we can also say that he tou tou ((secretly) went out. 也可以说他偷偷地出去了。 Or he tou tou de(secretly) went out. 这两个句子都是可以的。 Both are ok. 第②例我们再看一下：我渐渐（地）习惯了北京的生活。 Let’s turn to example②: I gradually get accustomed to lives in Beijing. 那么这个"渐渐"双音节 我们看后面可以有一个"地" 也可以没有"地"。 It is okay to add “De” to the double syllable “jian jian(gradually) or not. 两个说法都可以。 Both are okay. 可以说"我们渐渐习惯了 北京的生活"，那么也可以说"我们渐渐地习惯了北京的生活" We can say “We jian jian get accustomed to lives in Beijing” or “We jian jian de get accustomed to lives in Beijing”. 那么第③个例子情况差不多，所以我们就不重复了。 Then example③ is similar, so we will skip it. 这样的副词主要有什么呢？主要有下面这些，就是"不断、 分别、 极力 渐渐、 Are there any other similar adverbs? It can be listed as follows: “constantly, respectively, strongly, gradually, 默默、 悄悄、 随意、 偷偷 逐渐、 尽快、 偶尔、 永远、 Silently, quietly, randomly, secretly, gradually, as soon as, sometimes, forever, 非常、 更加、 稍微、 十分、 特别 多么、 反复"等。 Very, more, slightly, completely, especially, how, over and over again” etc. 这样的双音节副词，它们可以带"地"也可以不带"地"，就是做状语的时候 Double syllable adverbs like these can be added with “De” or not. When it is used as adverbial modifiers, 应该注意的是：就是带不带"地"意思呢，稍有不同 we should pay attention that meanings may differ slightly with “De” after it or not. 带"地"有突出副词的作用，不带"地"没有这样的作用。 The words followed by “De” can highlight an adverb while words without “De” can’t. 我们来看一下例子 就比较清楚了。 Let us have a look at some examples to make it clear. 我们看一下，这个例子：那天雨特别大。 Look at this one: It rained extremely(te bie) heavily that day. "特别" 做状语，那么后面是没有"地"的。 The word “te bie(extremely)” is used as an adverbial modifier without “De” after it. 第②个：那天雨特别地大。 Example②: It rained extremely(te bie de) heavily that day. 这个后面有一个 有一个"地"。 In this sentence, there is a “De” after the word “te bie(extremely)”. 那么这两个的句子的，它的差别在什么地方呢？ 就是说我们说下面一个例子啊，就是有突出这个 So what’s the difference of these two sentences?
The second sentence highlights 副词状语"特别"的意思，所以呢它们意思上还是有一点细微的差别。 the meaning of the adverb “te bie(extremely)”, so there is a little difference between them in meaning. （2）做补语。 （2）used as complement 例如：那儿的东西贵极了。 For example, goods there are extremely expensive. 这个 "极"是一个副词，放在"贵"的后面做补语。 The word “ji(extremely)” is an adverb, placed after “gui(expensive)” as complement. 第②个：饺子好吃得很。 Example②, dumplings are quite delicious. 这个很呢也是一个补语，在"得"的后面做补语。 The word “hen(quite)” is also a complement, placed after the word “De”. （3）单独使用 会话中，少数副词可以单独使用， （3）used independently In a conversation, a minority of adverbs can be used independently. 也就是说可以单独成为一个句子。 That is to say, they can make up a sentence independently. 这样的副词 不太多，主要有"大概、 不、 没（有）、 Such kind of adverbs are rarely seen, mainly including “probably, no, none, 差不多 当然、 赶快、 果然、 立刻、 马上、 也许、 一起"等。 almost, certainly, quickly, really, immediately, at once, maybe, together”. 我们来看一下例子就是比较清楚了。 Let us have a look at some examples to make it clear. 我们看第①个例子， A 说什么呢？你哥哥回来了吗？B 回答说：没有 这个"没有"是一个副词。 Let’s look at example①, A says: Did your brother come back? B
answers: No. The word “No” is an adverb. 那么，单独用来回答问题，所以可以说是一个句子。 It is used to answer a question independently, so we can also say that it is a sentence. 第②例：A：作业做完了吗？B 回答：差不多。 Example②: A:Did you finish your homework? B answered: Almost. 差不多也是 一个副词，所以呢在这儿呢也是单独作为一个句子来回答问题。 “Almost” is an adverb, so it can be used as a sentence independently to answer questions. 2. 2. "副词+动词（短语） /形容词（短语）"，它的作用是什么呢？主要有以下的一些作用 What’s the role of “adv. + v.(phrase) / adj.(phrase)”? Mainly listed as follows （1）就是"副词+动词（短语）/形容词 （短语）"一般呢是做谓语。 （1）“adv.+v.(phrase)/adj.(phrase)” is generally used as predicates. 这个是它的最常见的一种 作用。 This is the most common role. 我们看一下：这几天老下雨，老下雨，"老"是个副词 Let us have a look: It rains frequently these days. The word “lao(frequently)” is an adverb. 加上动词，所以呢，它们一起做一个谓语， 真烦人。 When it is added with a verb, they can work as predicates together. So annoying. 第②个：这么便宜，咱们多买一点儿吧。 Example②: So cheap, let’s take a little more. "多"是个副词， "买一点儿"是个动词短语，所以呢，它们一起也是做一个谓语。 “duo(more)” is an adverb. “Mai duo yi dian er(take a little more)” is a verb phrase. So, they can work as predicates together. （2）大部分呢 也可以做定语、 宾语或者是主语。 （2）Mostly, “adv. +v.(phrase) / adj.(phrase)” can be used as attributives, objects and subjects. 例如：我们来看一下，第①个例子： 那个学生是刚来的新学生。 Let us look at example①: That is a new student who has just come. "刚"加上来是一个副词 加上一个动词，所以呢它们一起做定语。 “gang(just)” plus “lai(come)”, added with a verb, works as attributives. 第②个：我们希望马上解决 "马上"是个副词，"解决"是个动词。 Example②: We hope to solve it right now. “ma shang(right now)” is an adverb and “solve” is a verb. 那么，它们一起是做什么呢？ 做"希望"的宾语。 So, what’s the role of them? Act as the object of “hope”. 第③例：不去也没关系。 Example③: It’s okay if you don’t go. 这个"不"是个副词 "去"是动词，"不去"呢一起是做什么呢？主语，做 主语。 The word “bu(not)” is an adverb and “qu(go)” is a verb. What does the combination of “not go” do? Act as the subject. 应该注意的就是副词，有 一些副词，像"真、 的确、 实在、 We should pay attention that when some adverbs like “truly, indeed, honestly, 果然、 确实、 别、 甭、 不要" 等组成的"副词+动词（短语）/形容词（短语）" 那么不能做定语。 really, surely, not, don’t” make up the structure of “adv.+v.(phrase)/adj.(phrase)”, it cannot be used as attributives. 这个要引起大家的注意。 We should pay attention to it. 就是外国学生很容易错。 Foreign students often make mistakes here. 比如说我们看下面的例子，第①例：西湖是一个真美丽的湖。 Let’s look at example①: West Lake is really a beautiful lake. 那么"真"是一个副词，"美丽"是个形容词， "是一个"，它修饰一个形容词，但是呢，它做了"湖"的 这个名词的定语。 The word “zhen(really)” is an adverb. “Piao liang(beautiful)” is an adjective.
“Is a” modifies an adjective. However, it acts as the attributive of the noun “lake”. 那么这个句子是错误的。 So this sentence is wrong. 不能这样说 那么，应该说什么呢？应该说"西湖是一个美丽的湖"。 We can’t say that. What should you say? We should say “West Lake is a beautiful lake.” 也就是说，不能用"真"修饰形容词，然后做定语。 That is to say, “Zhen(really)” can’t be used to modify an adjective and then act as an attributive. 第②例：这儿是别抽烟的地方。 Example②: This place is for not smoking. "别"是个副词，"抽烟"是个动词， 那么它们共同组成副词加上动词的短语， 但是做了定语，所以呢也是错的。 “Bie(not)” is an adverb while “chou yan(smoke)” is a verb. They make up a phrase of “adverb plus verb”, but they act as attributive. Therefore, this sentence is wrong. 那么，应该说什么呢？这儿不是抽烟的地方。 So, What should we say? This is not a place for smoking. 也就是说 "别"+动词（短语）以后呢不能做定语，不能做定语。 That is to say, “bie(not) + verb(phrase)” can’t be used as attributive.
