大家好，欢迎进入对外汉语教学核心语法课堂 今天我们讲第四讲，助词、 Hi，everyone!Welcome to the core grammar class of teaching Chinese as a second language. Today we will learn Lecture Four Particle, 叹词和象声词 第一节，助词。 Interjection and onomatopoeia the first quarter, particle 一、 结构助词 把词语连接起来组成各种短语的词叫做结构助词 I. structural particles The word connected to form a variety of phrases is called structural particle. 结构助词有"的"、 "地"、 "得"三个。 Structural particles include three words of “de(的)”, ”de(地)” and “de(得)”. 例如 ①我买一些吃的东西。 For example, ① I bought something to eat. 这个"的" 是这个白勺的。 The “de” is “的”, which is made up by “bai (白) shao(勺)” 第二个，大家 高兴地答应了。 The second example, everyone agreed happily. 这个也是"地"，但是是土也地 第三个，你唱得不错。 The “de” is “地”, which is made up by “tu (土) ye(也)”. The third example, you sing well. 这个也是"得"，它们的发音 是相同的，但是写法是完全不一样，这个是双人"得" The “de” here is “得”, which has the same pronunciation with the first two words, but different spelling. It is “shuang ren (双人) de (得). 我们看第一个"的"，白勺的 1. Let us see the first “de”, which is made up by “bai (白) shao(勺)” 1. "的"的主要作用 （1）连接作用 "的"常用在名词（短语）、 The main function of “de” (的) （1）the “de” that plays the role of connection is usually placed after nouns (phrases), 动词（短语）、 形容词（短语）等后面，把定语和中心语 连接起来，组成短语。 verbs (phrases), adjectives (phrases) and so forth. It connects the attributive to the central word to form a phrase. 例如，我的书 学校的东西、 休息的时候 For example, “wo de shu, xue xiao de dong xi, xiu xi de shi hou” (my book, stuff in the school, break time) "动词或者动词短语 + 的 + 名词"中的"名词" "Nouns" in "verb or verb phrase + de + noun" 如果是行为动作的发出者或者是行为动作的承受者 那么"名词"可以省略。 If it is the issuer of a behavioral act or a taker of a behavioral act, "nouns" can be omitted. 例如，我们来看一下第一个例子 吃的（东西）买了。 Let us see the first example, “chi de (dong xi) mai le.” (something to eat is bought). 这个 "东西"可以不说出来，我们可以说吃的买了 意思就是吃的东西。 The “dong xi” (something) can be omitted in Chinese here. We can say that “Chi de mai le”, which means that something to eat is bought. 它是这个，"东西"是受事 第二个，吃的（人）都来了。 The “dong xi” (something) is a taker of a behavioral act. Example two, “chi de (ren) dou lai le” (people who eat have all come). 这个"人"是施事，所以这个"人"也可以不说出来，可以省略掉 The “ren (people) is an issuer of a behavioral act and can be omitted. 注意，"名词"是时间、 处所 工具等，一般不能省略。 Pay attention, when "nouns" are time, place tools, etc., they generally cannot be omitted. 下面的说法都是错误的 第一个例子，吃饭的（时候）再说。 The following statement is wrong. The first example, “chi fan de (shi hou) zai shuo ba” (let us talk about it when we eat). 这个"时候" 一定不能省掉，不能说"吃饭的再说吧"。 The “shi hou” (when) shall not be omitted. You cannot say that “Chi fan de zai shuo ba”. 为什么呢？"时候"表示时间 第二个例子，这是我们上课的（地方）。 Why? the “shi hou” refers to time. The second example, “zhe shi wo men shang ke de (di fang).” (this is the place we take class). 这个"地方"也不能省略，省略了就是错的 The “di fang (place) cannot be omitted. 应该是说"这是我们上课的地方"，不能说"这是我们上课的"
You may not say “zhe shi wo men shang ke de” (this is we take class), but “zhe shi wo men shang ke de di fang” (this is the place we take class) （2）转换作用 "的"也常常用在动词或者动词短语、 （2）the “de” that also plays the role of conversion is used after verbs, verb phrases, 形容词或者短语 它的后面，把动词或者动词短语、 形容词、 adjective or adjective phrases of it and converts them 形容词短语转换成名词性的成分 例如，我们来看两个例子。 to nominal components. Let us see two examples. 第一个，看的 "看"是个动词，加上"的"以后就变成了一个名词性的成分 The first one, “kan de”, when the “kan” (see), a verb, is added with “de”, it becomes a nominal component 来表示人或者事物，那"看的"就是相当于"看的人"或者是"看的东西" to represent person or thing, so the “kan de” is equal to “kan de ren” (people you see) or “kan de dong xi” (something you see). 那第二例，我买的。
The second example, “wo mai de” (something I bought) 这个"我买"、 这个"买"也是个动词，加上"的"以后 也变成了一个名词性的东西。 When the “mai” (bought), a verb is added with “de”, it also becomes a nominal component. 表示什么呢？"我买的东西"，表示事物 第三个，漂亮的。 What does it refers to? “Something I bought”. The third example, “piao liang de” (beautiful) "漂亮"是个形容词，加上"的"以后也变成 When the “piao liang”, an adjective is added with “de”, it also becomes 一个名词性的东西，相当于"漂亮的人"或者是"漂亮的东西" 2.
a nominal component, which is equivalent to “piao liang de ren” (someone beautiful) or “piao liang de dong xi” (something beautiful) 2. "的"的其他作用 （1） Other functions of “de” （1） 用在句子的动词和宾语之间，强调已经发生的行为动作的主语、 宾语 It is used between the verb and the object of sentences, emphasizing the subject or the object of the action that has taken place, 或行为动作发生的地点、 方式等。 Or place and way of action that has taken place and so on. 例如 第一例，我们看一看，爸爸花的钱 For example, “wo men kan yi kan, ba ba hua de qian.” (let us have a look at the money spent by dad). 这个"花"是个动词，"钱"是个宾语，这个"的"放在动词和宾语的中间 The “hua” (spent) is a verb, and “qian” (money) is an object. The “de” is placed between a verb and an object. 它的意思是什么？是爸爸花的钱。
What does it represent? The money spent by dad. 第二例，我学的汉语。 Example two, “wo xue de han yu”. (I learnt Chinese). "学"是个动词，"汉语"是宾语，这个"的"用在中间 它的意思是什么呢？我学的是汉语。 The “xue” (learnt) is a verb, and the “Chinese” is an object. The “de” is used between them two. What does it represent? The language I learnt is Chinese. （2） 在一些动宾短语中间插入指人的名词或代词加上"的" （2）Some nouns which are inserted in the middle of verb-object phrases and refer to people or pronouns plus "de" 表示名词或代词所指的人是行为动作的对象 例如，我们来看两个例子。 indicates that the person who is represented by nouns or pronouns is the object of action. Let us see two examples. 第一个，她开老师的玩笑 那么"老师"的后面有个"的" The first one, “ta kai lao shi de wan xiao” (she is kidding her teacher.) The “de” after the “teacher” 那么在作"玩笑"的定语 "老师"是"开玩笑"的对象。 is used as the attribute of “wan xiao” (joke). The “teacher” is the object of kidding. 第二例，妈妈生弟弟的气 Example two, “ma ma sheng di di de qi” (my mother is angry at my brother). 那么这个"弟弟"后面有"的"，放在"气"的前面作定语，那么"弟弟"是"生气"的对象
The “de” after the “brother” is placed before the “qi” and used as an attribute. The “brother” is the object of “sheng qi” (angry). （3）用在并列的词语的最后一项后面 （3）Used after the last term of a side-by-side expression, 表示"等等""之类"的意思，有时候"的"前面也出现"什么" 例如，我们看第一例。 it means "and so on", “such as”, sometimes there is “shen me” (what) before “de”. For example, let us see the first example. 春节的时候，妈妈鸡呀、 鱼的买了一大堆 When the spring festival is coming, my mother will bought a lot of chicken and fish. 那么这个是"鱼的"是相当于什么呢？鱼啊等 之类的东西。 What does the “yu de” represent? Fish and so on. 第二个，衣服、 雨伞、 钱什么的 这个"的"在"什么"的后面，都带了吗？ The second example, do you take clothes, umbrella, money “shen me de” (and so forth)? The “de” is used after “shen me”. 那么这个也是相当于"之类""等等"这样的意思 It also represents “such as”, "and so on". （二）地 而且这是土也地的"地"。 （II）de (地), which is made up by “tu”(土) and “ye”(也). 结构助词"地"用在形容词 副词等后面，把状语和中心语连接起来 Structural particle of “de” (地) is used after adjectives and adverbs to connect adverbial with central word 我们来看一下具体的例子。
Let us see some specific examples. 第一个例子，昨天校长热情地接见了 大家。 The first example, yesterday, the president met us (re qing de)fervently. 所以这是形容词后面用的"地"。 The “de” (地) is used after the adjective of “re qing”. 第二个，他悄悄地出去了，老师没有发现。 The second example, he went out (qiao qiao de) quietly, and the teacher did not know it. 这个是 "悄悄"是一个副词，所以后面也有"地"。 The “qiao qiao” is an adverb and added with “de”. 第三个，同学们面红耳赤地 争论了起来。 The third example, classes have angry passages with each other. "面红耳赤"是一个短语 后面加上"地"也是作状语。 “mian hong er chi” is a phrase an added with “de” to be used as a an adverbial. （三） 下一个得就是双人得，也是"得"。 （III）the next one is “de” (得), which is called “shuang ren de” 1. 1. "得"的主要作用 结构助词"得"用在动词、 Main function of “de” (得) the structural particle of “de” is used after verbs 形容词后面，把动词、 形容词和补语连接起来 比如说，你唱得很好。 and adjectives to connect verbs, adjectives and complements. For example, you sing well. 这个"很好"是个补语，这个"得" 把这个补语和动词连接起来。 The “hen hao” (well) is a complement. The “de” (得) connects a complement with a verb. 第二个，屋里热得不得了。 The second, it is so hot in the room. "不得了"也是补语，这个"得" 把补语和形容词连接起来 The “bu de liao” (so) is also a complement. The “de” (得) connects a complement and an adjective. 2. 2. "得"的其他用法。 Other usages of “de” (得) （1）"动词+得"表示可以、 可能 (1) “verb+ de” represents can, maybe 那么动词为单音节的，而且是"看、 吃、 说、 When verbs are monosyllabic and some common verbs of “see, eat, say, 用、 穿"等少数常用动词 例如，第一例我们看一下。 use and wear” for example, let us see the first example. 你看得，我们也看得！这个 "看得"是什么意思呢？就是表示"你可以看""你能看" “ni (you) kan de, wo men (we) ye (also) kan de”. What does the “kan de” mean? It means that you can see. 这样的意思。
That is it.
00:06:44,826 --> 00:06:53,530
第二个，这些东西吃得吃不得？
The second example, zhe xie dong xi (these things) chi de chi bu de?
"吃得"表示"可以吃"，"吃不得"就是"不能吃""不可以吃"的意思
“chi de” refers to “it can be ate”, “chi bu de” refers to “it cannot be ate” 注意，"动词+得"不能带宾语。 Pay attention, “verb+de” shall not be added with objects. 我们看一下下面两个例子 第一个，她看得这本书，"看得"后面有宾语"这本书" Let us see the following two examples. The first one, “ta kan de zhe ben shu” (she can read this book), there is the object of “zhe ben shu” after “kan de” 我也看得。
So do I. 这样的句子是不成立的，也就是说"看得"的后面不可以有 这个宾语，不可以有宾语。 This sentence is not appropriate. That is to say, there shall not be the object after the “kan de”. 所以因此我们可以说，"这本书她看得" 把"这本书"放在"她"的前边，我也看得。 Therefore, we can say that “zhe ben shu ta kan de”, that is, “zhe ben shu” is placed after “ta”, so do I. 这样就可以了。 That is okay. 第二例 他吃得苹果，我也吃得。 The second example, “ta chi de ping guo, wo ye chi de” (he can eat apples, so do I). 这个句子也是不成立，为什么呢？这个后面也有宾语 "苹果"，所以这个句子错了。 This sentence is also appropriate. Why? there is also the object of “ping guo” (apple) after it, so it is wrong. 那么怎么办？"苹果"放在前边 苹果他吃得，我也吃得。 What is the right expression? Put the “ping guo” (apple) in front of it. Just like “ping guo ta chi de, wo ye chi de” (he can eat apples, so do I). 这样的 就可以了，句子就成立了。 That is okay. The sentence is right. （2） "动词/形容词+得" (2) “verb / adjective + de” "得"后面的话不说出来，含有夸张 或者"无法形容"的意思。 The word after “de” is omitted to express the meaning of exaggeration or “beyond words”. 我们看一下具体的例子，第一个 Let us see some specific examples. The first one 昨天把我累得！"把我累得"什么意思呢？就是把我累得没法说 “zuo tian ba wo lei de”! What does “ba wo lei de” mean? It means that “ba wo lei de mei fa shuo” (I was tired beyond words yesterday). 后面这个"没法说"没有说出来，因此它 含有什么呢？夸张的意思。 The “mei fa shuo” is omitted to express the meaning of exaggeration. 第二例，看把你急得！ 它的意思是什么呢？急得都这样了 Example two, “kan ba ni ji de”! What does it mean? “ji de dou zhe yang le” 那么这同样是"都这样了"没有说出来，那么它也是 The “dou zhe yang le” is also omitted. 有它的夸张的意思，就是说有"无法形容"这样的意思 It has the meaning of exaggeration and “beyond words”. 二、 动态助词 II. Aspect particle 用在动词或者形容词后面，表示行为动作或性质的 情态的助词叫做动态助词 The word that is used after verbs or adjectives to represent the behavior of action or nature of the modal particle is called aspect particle 动态助词有"了""着""过" 例如，我们看第一个例子。 Aspect particles include “le”, “zhe” and “guo”. For example, let us see the first one. 他们在那儿等着 有"着"。 There is the “zhe” in the sentence of “ta men zai na er deng zhe” (they wait there). 我学了，第二个，学了一年汉语。 I “xue le” (have learnt), the second one, Chinese for one year 有"了"。 The “le” is placed here. 第三个，大家都来过中国。 The third example, we “lai guo” (have been to) China. 有"过" The “guo” is placed here.
