大家好，欢迎进入对外汉语教学核心语法课堂。 Hello,everyone.Welcome to the core grammar class of teaching Chinese as a second language. 第一讲，名词、 动词和形容词。 Lecture one Nouns,Verbs and Adjectives 汉语的词可分为实词和虚词两大类， 实词有名词、 In Chinese, words can be divided into two kinds:notional words and function words.Nouns, 动词、 形容词、 代词、 数词和量词。 verbs,adjectives,pronouns,numerals and measure words belong to the notional word category. 虚词有副词、 介词、 连词、 助词、 叹词和象声词。 adverbs,prepositions,conjunctions,particles,interjections and onomatopes belong to the function word category. 第一节，名词。 Section 1 Nouns 一、 名词的类别和作用。 1.Types and Functions （一）名词的类别， (1)Types of Nouns 表示人和事物（包括时间、 处所、 方位）的词叫做名词。 A word denoting the name of a person or thing(including time,places and locality)is called a noun. 名词根据意义可以分为以下几类：一般名词、 时间词、 Nouns can be grouped into the following kinds according to their meanings:general nouns,nouns of time, 处所词、 方位词 nouns of places,nouns of locality. 1.一般名词，表示人和事物的词 叫做一般名词，例如 general nouns:A word denoting the name of a person or thing is called a general noun.Such as 学生、 老师、 朋友、 手机、 学校、 汉语等。 students,teachers,friends,cell phone,school,Chinese and so on. 2. 时间词，表示时间的名词叫做时间词。 nouns of time:A word denoting the name of time is called nouns of time. 16
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例如：今天、 明天、 今年、 明年、 上午、 下午等。
Such as today,tomorrow,this year,next year,morning,afternoon and so on. 3. 处所词 表示国家、 地方、 机构等的名词叫做处所词。 nouns of place：A word denoting the name of places is called nouns of place. 例如：中国、 北京、 邮局、 图书馆、 Such as China,Beijing,Post office,library, 商店、 超市 学校、 餐厅、 银行等。 shop,supermarket,school,restaurant,bank and so on. 4. 方位词 表示方向、 位置的名词叫做方位词。 nouns of locality:A word denoting the name of direction or position is called nouns of place, 例如：上、 下、 前、 后、 左、 右、 such as up,down,front,back,left,right, 东、 南、 西、 北 东南、 东北、 西南、 西北等。 east,south,west,north,southeast,northeast,southwest,northwest and so on. （二）名词的作用 名词可以做主语、 (2)Functions of Nouns A noun can serve as subject, 宾语和定语， 有的呢还可以做谓语。 object and attributive in a sentence.Some of them also can serve as the predicate. 1. 做主语 我们看一下例一，北京是中国的首都，这个北京 As the subject Let's look at the following example "Peking is the capital of China."The "Peking" 是一个名词，在这儿呢是做主语，就是一个 topic 是一个话题。 is a noun,here is the topic of the sentence served as the subject. 第二例的今天有课，这个今天是一个时间名词，那么在这儿呢，也是做主语。 The second example"Today we have classes.""today" is a noun of time,served as the subject. 2. 做宾语 我们看一下例子，第一例，我们学习汉语，这个汉语 是一个名词。 As the object Let's look at the example,first one"We learn Chinese."Here "Chinese"is a noun, 在这儿呢是做宾语，是一个 Object，第二例哥哥去中国，中国 is served as the object.Second example,"My brother go to China.""China" 也是一个名词，是一个处所名词，那么在这儿呢也是做一个宾语，也是一个 Object. is also a noun(noun of places),it is served as the object. 3. 做定语。 As the attributive 我们来看两个例子，第一例 There are two examples,first one, 汉语语法很难，这个汉语是这个名词，在这儿呢是一个定语， "Chinese grammar is difficult."The "Chinese" is a noun, in this sentence it is served as the attributive. 第二例，这是图书馆的书，图书馆在这儿呢也是做定语。 Second example,"It is library books." Here "library"is served as the attributive 名词做定语带"的"的情况， （1）表示职业、 Nouns serving as attributives with the structural particle"的（de）":1)The meaning of profession, 质料、 属性、 产地、 来源等的名词做定语呢一般不带"的"，例如，我们来看一下例子就比较清楚， material,attribute,place of origin,source usually without "的（de）".It is showed clearly in the example of 口语老师，那么这个口语后面没有"的"， "口语老师(oral English teacher)",without the "的（de）"after "口语". 那么木头桌子，这个木头呢后面也没有"的"，玻璃杯子，这个玻璃呢也没有"的"，那么 the same as "木头桌子","玻璃杯子", 北京特产也没有"的"，那么 这些名词口语、 "北京特产". 木头、 玻璃、 北京它们后面都不要带"的"，那么做定语。 As attributive, （2）表示领属 义的名词做定语一定要带"的"，我们看一下例子就比较清楚。 2）the structural particle "de"should be used after an attributive composed of a noun indicating the possessive relation.For example: 李明的书，后面有一个"的"，学校的桌子，后面呢也有一个"的"， "李明的书(Li Ming's book)" with a "de" after "Li Ming",the same as "学校的桌子(school's desk)", 老师的经验，弟弟的脾气，那么这后面呢都有"的"。 "老师的经验(teacher's experience)"，"弟弟的脾气(brother's temper). 那么为什么呢，就是说这个书是属于李明的，所以表示一种领属义。 Why?That's because the book is belong to Li Ming which indicate the possessive relation. 桌子呢是属于学校的，所以也是一种领属义，那么它们后面呢都加了"的"了。 Also,the desk is belong to the school which indicate the possessive relation with a "de"after that. （3）单纯方位词做定语不带"的" 3）When simple words of locality serve as attributives,"de"is normally not used. 复合方位词做定语呢一定要带"的"，我们来看一下例子就比较清楚， Recombination words of locality serve as attributives,"de"is regularly used. For example, 像里屋，里是一个方位词，是一个 like "里屋(back room)"is a simple word of locality , 单纯方位词，所谓单纯方位词呢就是一个汉字，一个音节的， 这个外屋，这个外也是一个方位词，上铺 single morpheme word is word only have one character or syllable."外屋(outhouse)""out"is also a word of locality, 下铺，这都是呢单纯方位词，所以它们都是做定语，那么它们后面呢都是没有"的"的， the same as "上铺(on the upper bunk)""下铺(lower berth)". 我们看复合方位词，前面的人，前面是一个复合方位词。 Let's look at recombination words of locality."前面的人(the man in front of many people)","前面（front)"is a recombination words of locality 也就是说两个汉字的，或者说两个音节的，那么后面的楼， 那么它们的前面的、 which composed by two characters or syllables."后面的楼(the back building)" 后面的、 后面的都有呢带了"的"了，所以它们做定语啊 那么是一般要带"的"的。 Both of "前面（front),后面（back）with a "de". 4. 做谓语 表示时间、 节令、 天气等的名词。 As the predicate Always means time,season and weather. 像"星期一""春天""春节""晴天"等呢可以直接做谓语，我们来看一下例子。 such as "星期一(Monday)""春天(spring)""春节(Spring Festival)""晴天(sunny day)" 例一，现在春天了。 The first example,It is spring now. 那么这个春天是什么呢，来说明 现在的，所以呢是一个谓语。 spring here used to indicate the season of now, it served as a predicate 第二例，今天晴天，这个晴天也是一个名词， 那么是说明什么呢？说明今天的， The second example,It's a fine day today.fine day is also a noun used to indicate today. 所以呢这个晴天啊，也是做谓语。 It also served as a predicate.
