That's all on the structured data side of things. On the unstructured side of things, we get a lot of information. So we already mentioned the address. Then they're the clinic notes, and we tend to say that like 80 percent of the data of a patient is the clinic notes, even though it's easier to deal with the structured notes. Sorry even though it's easier to deal with structured data, of course, you can say, it is equal to, less than or greater than, the clinic notes is where the data are. You get the other issues like social history. Again, these issues are very often written or typed. There are no checkboxes for this occupation. There is a vocabulary for occupation that the Department of Labor uses, but we didn't use it in clinical notes, so we write whatever we think. Somebody works at a factory, I don't know what type of job that could be, and we leave it to the next clinician to figure it out. Chief complaint, well, we try to structure the chief complaints, we try to get a vocabulary of chief complaints properly. We should record what the patient says. Reports from radiology or from laboratories is like clinical notes. Again, there's a lot of text, and the data you want out of it has to be extracted. Images are non-text, non-numerical data of a totally different nature and to our eyes, they may be structured because we see the chest X-ray. We know what to expect in a chest x-ray, but to a computer, it's just a bunch of pixels. Finally, I have list of allergies. You think, well, allergies should just be like medications, but in fact, first of all, they're food allergies. Second of all, type of reaction that you have, what is the allergic reaction that you are said to have? Who've said that you had the allergy? So that allergy field can be arbitrarily complicated and complex. So here's an example of a note. The format is structured. Sure, there's a heading, there are sections to it, but the text itself can be anything that you want. Now, it may be atomic data inside the notes. So here there is a battery, the ZA3-12, I suspect there is a finite number of batteries that would go into a hearing aid. So that datum could be structured data, but you have to dig it out of this unstructured note. There are boiler plates, there are templates that are used these days for many notes. You get the weird situation where the machine uses a very structured way of getting the data into the system, but then that structure is not available to any researcher or anybody else trying to extract the data out of that note. They have to go use fancy methods to get that out. Then I mentioned all the other types of data. Let me go in detail through all of this. I want to point out that much of this data is patient-specific, but there are things like census data. So what census tract do you live in? Well, that's important because your health may be affected by your neighborhood's health. So what I know about your census track in your neighborhood can impact on you. So it's not data about you, but it's still affects you. I have there the grocery data. If I were a physician and I knew your purchasing habits, that could inform me a lot on whether or not you're following your diabetic diet or not. On the other hand, as a physician, it would help me a lot to know whether you're following your diabetic diet or not. That you know that the grocery store where you punch in your phone number to get a $1 or 2 off your purchase. They're getting a lot of information about you. I think you're hoping that they don't send it to the doctor because you have some notion of privacy. I have a column there about apps. Clearly anything I said about electronic health record applies to apps. How long did you run, whether you're in, if it's measuring your blood glucose. If you put in notes, then it's clicking unstructured data, what it does with all this data. That's a separate issue. On the right-hand side of things, therefore, there is unstructured data as well. Police records, pretty unstructured, very relevant, but if obviously it's a notion of privacy, you can't unsee that. Everybody knowing your police record. As we get to social media like Facebook postings, that's a whole new area of data. Does that tell me about you, the individual patient, does it tell me about what's going on in the world in terms, let's say flu outbreaks. If I'm on the hospital, I get sentiment analysis about what people think about me as a hospital. So there's a lot of information in the data. At the bottom, finally, things like herbal medications can totally be unstructured because who knows what's available out there. So when you think about population health, I hinted at this with the census track information, but there's a lot of data that's not health data that is relevant to a patient. Some of it comes from the patient themselves. Some of it comes from around the patient. So environmental data is classic information that's around. So if I measure the lead level in your house, it's not about you, it's about your house or if I measure it in the soil or in the air, clearly you're exposed to that but that may not be your personal exposure.
