Our next topic is interactive packing. So, so far we've discussed design system but here it's not design. It's a, assisting print- laser cutting. So the title, this work is titled PacCam: Material Capture and Interactive 2D Packing for Efficient Material Usage on CNC Cutting Machines. So the problem we want to address is how to make an efficient layout within a given material. So if you have a laser cutter or cutting plotters it opens a case. You cut out main materials and then you get this kind of waste. But you still see many useful regions, so this is a kind of waste. So we try to address this problem, introduce packing system. So our approach is to develop our overlap free layout that fits within the given material. So you capture the material with holes and then we apply overlap free layout. And then you'll get more efficient usage of the material. So, let me show you a video. So, first you capture the device, capture the material in this way. And then system will get this image. And after that, you put, your pattern here. So this white is holes, hole, and the red is, pieces. And user interactively manipulates it. But the system automatically applies collision detection, so there will be no overlap, all the time. And after that, you send this data back to the laser cutter, and then you will get the result. And then there is no more waste. So yeah, this one shows a motivation. So this is a capturing process, so we first need to calibrate. So to do so we put checkerboard patterns and then system knows the correspondence between the camera image. And then your 3d- your 2d coordinate. And then after taking the picture, our system applies image processing to detect silhouette. And in order to develop a packing user interface we first run observational study to ask people to Take a look how they use it and then we design our interactive system. So, basic operation is like this. User one by one moving around and then do the layout. So, as you see here is temporarily turning off the collision detection so you can get more flexibility than pure collision detection. And we provided an operation to gather pieces together, or push away and others. So, here, we pull everything upwards. And here is a couple of examples. So this is also used for, for, as an arrangement of, material consisting of many different patterns. So we proposed four techniques here. The most single one is pushing. So user moving around and then collision detection will push other materials away. And second one is compress, so if you select the materials- select pieces and then do a simple pinch gesture and then related, highlighted materials parts comes together to have a packed layout. And then also we also implemented a tilting operation, so gather all of the pieces. Move to one direction. And one interesting operation is Collision Snapping. As I said, as the system also temporarily turned off Collision Detection to get more freedom. For example, if you want to pull this blue one over to the other side of this red one, you cannot do this if you always running Collision Detection. So in this case you know if the user is pulling away and the system temporarily turn off collision detection and then go to other side. A little bit more detailed explanation how it works. So first user moves drags a piece and it just follows it. And if there's a collision then there's a collision force. Again a reaction and then it starts to rotate and after rotation you have two collisions and then stops there. But as the user continually, continuously dragging farther away, then the system detects that there is no way to passing through, however, user still wants to do it. So after passing some threshold the system will go into this floating mode. In this floating mode, system temporarily turn off the collision detection physics simulation. So this floating object just follows the user’s dragging. And, and after going back after passing through the obstacle and then the piece come back to the original, collision mode. So this is a collision snapping system- method So, again, we use an off-the-shelf physics engine here. Here, we only need a 2 dimensional simple collision detection fee. So we use a box2d physics engine. So to learn more, original paper was published as PacCAM and it was published in 2013. And here we leverage multi-touch interaction. And multi-touch interaction is very popular recently, and many people are proposing different techniques. Very early one was published in 2002. It was called SmartSkin and I recommend you to take a look at it. And also there are many interesting There are a lot of interesting works on interaction with laser cutting machines. And one example is interaction- one interesting example is called Interactive construction: Interactive fabrication of functional mechanical devices. What they do is, the user uses a laser pointer on top of a laser cutter to directly specify where to cut and how to arrange the target shapes on the material. So, thank you and this is the end of the fabrication section. So in this week, we introduced plush toy design, beadwork design, chair design, and design of soft folding. And we finally introduced interactive packing methods to efficiently use the materials. Thank you.
