Welcome to this module on Standards Development Organization. But first, let's go into our goals again because more than in the last modules, we are going to focus a bit more on how standards become into being so to speak, how they come, how are they are made nowadays, but also to create a bit more awareness what standards mean in our modern society. So, we are really going to look into study on how standardization organizations work. Okay. First, we need to know what definitions are being used, what type of names are being used to qualify standardization organization. While there's a whole bunch of names going around, like standards bodies, and Standards Development Organization. So, we are going to use SDO as abbreviation, but it's the Standards Development Organization. That's how we are going to call the organizations we are working with in this lecture. What is the function of a standard? So, first of all, it's trying to codify technological developments. But it needs to be in a cooperative sense to become into being. So, we need to negotiate, to reach agreements and things like that. So, there's a whole area of negotiations, agreement, cooperation going on. An important issue within standardization is that after three to five years, they are being scrutinized again, they are being watched over again. So, they are seen, and they are studied again to see whether they are still state of the art. So, that's one of the other important functions of standardization center standards. Standards come into being within a company for instance, but then, it's hierarchy. But standards come also into being because a market party is powerful enough to get it done. We are focusing now on formal standardization organization, and that's aimed that or standards are common forth out of cooperative working. So, being cooperative towards each other. First, let's see how the development process of a standard works in a national environment. First, somebody thinks of a proposal, somebody says, well, for instance, when we look into Internet of Things, we need to change installations in the house and our refrigerators, and our workplace need to change, things like that, thus our proposal. Somebody in the industry thinks it's necessary. Then it goes into a more like a public area. We are starting to talk about it, and then, from the first public inquiry comes back, and then, in our working group really standardization, really a negotiating on how to make it the standard, how to free, so to speak, the technological development into a standard which can be used all over the industry. When the drafting is done, then it goes back usually to a higher level to make a decision to vote on it, and after the voting says "Okay. This is what we want. This is the standard we want." Then the voting, the result is a national standard. This is typically the rearm, the work area of the National Standardization Institutes like the Deutsches Institut fur Normung in Germany, or the British Standardization Institute in the UK for instance, but there's also the American National Standardization Institute. So, every country has its own National Standardization Institute. When we go and see what happens at regional level, I will focus on the European Union, on the European area, on the European geography. In this case, very often, it needs to be decided whether it's going to be a standard that it's in the field of harmonization like food safety and things like that, or that it is a European Standard which needs to be implemented all over the European Union, but without the harmonization necessities underlying it. Again, there is a proposal as being negotiated, and working groups, and then it's being seen how the technology can be frozen into a standard. Then, it goes into some scrutiny at a more higher level, and then within the organizations, within an SDO, the voting takes place for instance, within CEN, or within CENELEC. Then, when the standard is ready, it's being published and it becomes at the same time a European and a National Standard. When we try to give this a graphical image it looks like this, and we saw that already earlier in one of the other lectures. Okay. This was the development process at the European Level, and that is then for instance, the Comité Européen de Normalisation with the abbreviation of CEN. So, that's at the regional level. Every region in the world has these type of cooperative arrangements within their own region. Then, let's step into the international level, let say, the global level. Again, the procedures are that somebody's putting forward a proposal. Very often, they come out of industry or associations, or consumer associations, and they start talking about it, then in the working group at the qualification of the technology takes place so to speak with all kinds of views from all kinds of different angles, and then at a certain moment, it's being voted upon. Although, standardization organization don't really like voting, they are striving more for consensus. So, they tried to stay away from voting. Then, at the international level, we get this standard, for instance, within ITU, or within an International Standardization Organization. So, then we are at the global level, where standards are being qualified and can be used by industry or by countries. Putting all these organizations together, it looks like this, national level, regional level and the global level, and let's make it a bit bigger so that you can see it more easily. Let's typify also where we were. In one of the earlier lectures, I told you how and in what way we were going to look at standardization organizations, and we are looking at the cooperative arrangement, anti-conceptual arrangements. So, we want the cooperative not the industry within an industry or within an hierarchy define standards. So, this is the area we look at, and we are then focusing on formal standards in that area and as such it becomes public property of course. Okay. What standards can be typified also in another way they tried to unify? They unify, and as a consequence, that means the reducing of external effects as well as transaction costs. On the other hand, when there is a standard, there's a lot of economies of scale. Standards can be typified also in another way. Namely, when you make a smartphone, you can only make a smartphone when the standards are compatible with each other. Or when you want to make information security stuff more secure, that's a typical quality standard. We need standards for food safety. So, within a Standards Development Organization, the result can be in many different areas. We are then back at the goals again, I hope this lecture made clear that the role of standards in modern society but also in what type of Organization Standardization Development takes place. Well, thank you for watching this lecture. The next lecture will be on how participation is taking place within standardization organizations.
