[MUSIC] I'd like to provide a historical perspective on computing and show you how web applications fit into that timeline. In order to better appreciate modern web applications and perhaps anticipate how they might evolve over time, it's instructive to understand their history. The history of web applications is really a history of computing, so let's start with the origins of computing. So on this timeline, I'm starting in 1945. That's really, when computing started. And the first era that I'd like to talk about in computing, goes from about 1945 to 1970. And this is sometimes referred to, as the Military era of computing. The early computers were largely used for military applications. For example, at the close of the second World War, there were significant cryptography and could breaking efforts. One of the most important was led by a man named Alan Turing and he's considered the Father of Modern Computer Science. And the first general purpose, electronic computer called the ENIAC, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator was developed at the University of Pennsylvania and it was Developed in 1946, and was primarily used to compute artillery tables. Then, in 1969, the ARPANET was created. And this is a very important milestone for web and the internet. The ARPANET was a precursor to the Internet. It was funded by the United States, Advanced Research Project agency. And the interesting feature about this network, it was intended to be able to survive a nuclear attack. Thus, it was developed to be highly distributed. And this feature is one of the reasons that the internet continues to be such a successful network, is its highly distributed nature. Now the next era in from let say, about 1970 to 1980 and this is primarily the business era for computer. This is where corporations begin to make use of computers for things like accounting, payroll, inventory. This type of things. Now these computers were very expensive and so, a person generally did not own a computer, it was businesses that were making use of these computers. This led to the next era in computing that goes from roughly 1980 to 1990, and I refer to this as the PC Era. And in this era, it did become possible for the common man to own a computer. The computers in this day were primarily used for Word processing, spreadsheets, a very simple applications. And then, they started to find their way into the business as well. Now, the one of the most important things that happened in terms of the Internet was, where the internet protocols were developed. The TCP/IP internet protocols which are still in use today were developed in 1982. Now, I should mention that in 1981, this is when the IBM PC was released and that kind of created the Eco system that we're used to around the use of personal computers, so that slightly preceded the creation of these internet protocols. And then in 1989, Tim Berners Lee, while he was working at CERN developed the, well conceived of the idea, I should say, of the world wide web. He came up with this notion. And then in this next era, which I refer to is Web 1.0, he created the first website. So, Tim Berners-Lee, in 1990 created the first web server and website that existed on the internet. In addition, Amazon was created in 1995. I should mention that in 1994, there were only about 10,000 websites. In 1993, there were only about 600. So there was quite a bit of growth from 1993, 600 websites to 1994, 10,000 websites. And then, by January of 1996, they were 100,000 websites. So, things were growing at an exponential rate in terms of these websites at that time. I should mention, that the websites themselves were really kind of static. At this point in time. They were pretty simple websites, and there was a massive amount of hype and valuations, that were attributed to these internet base companies. So their stocks went up and up. And then, there was a .com bursting of this bubble, that occurred towards the end of this era and it was the stock market collapse around this and people kind of ran away from these internet based companies. Google, was also by the way, found that there during this time period which is important to know. Now, the next time period, next era. Of computing is this web 2.0 era. Now, some people in the industry, basically came with this conclusion that the web was not done for even though there was a crash. The web really was more important than ever and there were some very exciting applications that were popping up. And what was noted is that the companies at Hearse that survived the collapse seemed to have some things in common. They were creating richer user experiences using a technology called Ajax, which I'll talk more about shortly. They were using the web as a platform. In other words, they were providing services and using web services as a part of the Web Applications that we're creating and they were creating network affects from user contributions Wikipedia as a good example of this. Users were able to come together to collaborate, to create these applications that had tremendous value on the Internet. And I should also mention, that this is the time period during which software really rose above the level of a single device. In other words, above the level of a personal computer. Prior to this, it really mattered what type of computer you had whether or not the software you had would run on that particular computer. With the web that all started to change, particularly with Web 2.0. So some of the things that happened during this time period, Facebook was founded. In addition, the Ajax technology that I mentioned was came to be used heavily by Google. And one of the most important things with regards to cloud computing was that Amazon EC2, the elastic cloud compute service became publicly available and this really was the beginnings of Cloud computing. The next era, well. I'm going to refer to that as Web 3.O and what happened during this time period is, HTML5 has been released. HTML5 create a very nice, first of all, it standardize and it creates a very nice User experience for those who are using web applications. In 2012, the web grouped to have 634 million websites and e-commerce sales topped $1 Trillion worldwide. In 2013, the index web contained 4 billion web pages. In 2013, this was known as the year of responsive design, because it became very popular to create web designs that would scale their layouts according to the type of device you were using. If you were on a desktop versus a mobile phone, you would get a different, the website would be delivered to you according to the device you are using. In 2014, for the first time, mobile applications had counted from more than half the time spend viewing and using digital content. What also happened at this point in time, is the number of mobile connected devices actually exceeded the number of people on the Earth. This trend became so important, this movement to mobile computing, that Google now boosts the ranking of mobile-friendly webpages, if you conduct a search from a mobile device. The other thing that's now happening in this Web 3.0 era, is we're squarely in the information revolution. This internet of things is forming, where everything can be connected to the internet and that becomes very powerful that everything, appliances, refrigerators, vending machines, all of these types of things can be connected and networked and you can build. More, more sophisticated applications, if everything is connected in the internet including cars and other things, so what's happening at of this is an intelligent web is also emerging you notice that. As you use a particular service, like Netflix, you'll get recommendations. While you like this movie, you might like this one to view next. So this notion of an intelligent web is also emerging. So this is a brief history, kind of biased towards internet computing that gives you a sense of how quickly things have changed in this space. The last thing I'd like to mention is that, many people don't like the use of terms web 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0. The web's actually been continuously evolving. And so, they don't like to put these labels on it. But I've only introduced these terms because it gives us a way of talking about how the architectures have differed between web 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0. And I'll talk about that next.
